{"paper":{"title":"Particle-Particle Particle-Tree: A Direct-Tree Hybrid Scheme for Collisional N-Body Simulations","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Junichiro Makino, Shoichi Oshino, Yoko Funato","submitted_at":"2011-01-28T11:03:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we present a new hybrid algorithm for the time integration of collisional N-body systems. In this algorithm, gravitational force between two particles is divided into short-range and long-range terms, using a distance-dependent cutoff function. The long-range interaction is calculated using the tree algorithm and integrated with the constant-timestep leapfrog integrator. The short-range term is calculated directly and integrated with the high-order Hermite scheme. We can reduce the calculation cost per orbital period from O(N^2) to O(N log N), without significantly increasing th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1101.5504","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}