{"paper":{"title":"Quantum thermodynamic Carnot and Otto-like cycles for a two-level system","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Gian Paolo Beretta","submitted_at":"2007-03-28T15:08:57Z","abstract_excerpt":"From the thermodynamic equilibrium properties of a two-level system with variable energy-level gap $\\Delta$, and a careful distinction between the Gibbs relation $dE = T dS + (E/\\Delta) d\\Delta$ and the energy balance equation $dE = \\delta Q^\\leftarrow - \\delta W^\\to$, we infer some important aspects of the second law of thermodynamics and, contrary to a recent suggestion based on the analysis of an Otto-like thermodynamic cycle between two values of $\\Delta$ of a spin-1/2 system, we show that a quantum thermodynamic Carnot cycle, with the celebrated optimal efficiency $1 - (T_{low}/T_{high})$"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"quant-ph/0703261","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}