{"paper":{"title":"Formation of GW190521 from stellar evolution: the impact of the hydrogen-rich envelope, dredge-up and $^{12}$C($\\alpha$, $\\gamma$)$^{16}$O rate on the pair-instability black hole mass gap","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","authors_text":"Alessandro Bressan, Giuliano Iorio, Guglielmo Costa, Mario Spera, Michela Mapelli, Paola Marigo","submitted_at":"2020-10-05T18:00:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"Pair-instability (PI) is expected to open a gap in the mass spectrum of black holes (BHs) between $\\approx{}40-65$ M$_\\odot$ and $\\approx{}120$ M$_\\odot$. The existence of the mass gap is currently being challenged by the detection of GW190521, with a primary component mass of $85^{+21}_{-14}$ M$_{\\odot}$. Here, we investigate the main uncertainties on the PI mass gap: the $^{12}$C($\\alpha$, $\\gamma$)$^{16}$O reaction rate and the H-rich envelope collapse. With the standard $^{12}$C($\\alpha$, $\\gamma$)$^{16}$O rate, the lower edge of the mass gap can be 70 M$_\\odot$ if we allow for the collaps"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.02242","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2010.02242/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}