{"paper":{"title":"SonicDB S6: A Storage-Efficient Verkle Trie for High-Throughput Blockchains","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"SonicDB S6 cuts live Verkle Trie storage 98% and archive storage 95% by exploiting a non-forking blockchain.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DB","authors_text":"Bernhard Scholz, Herbert Jordan, Lorenz Schuler, Luigi Crisci","submitted_at":"2026-04-08T02:07:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Ethereum state database uses Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT), which suffers from large witness proof sizes and high storage overhead. Verkle Tries have been proposed as a replacement, offering witness proofs below 150 bytes through vector commitments and Inner Product Argument aggregation. However, deploying a Verkle Trie in a high-throughput, short block-time blockchain such as Sonic, which produces a block every 300 milliseconds, introduces substantial engineering challenges related to storage efficiency, commitment computation costs, and the need to serve both live and historical state queri"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"SonicDB S6, a production Rust Verkle Trie database for the Sonic blockchain, leverages its non-forking property to enable aggressive storage optimizations. Occupancy-aware node specializations, selected via an O(kn2) dynamic program, reduce live storage by 98%. Delta nodes that record only changed slots reduce archive storage by 95%. Batched updates, multi-threaded commitment computation, and homomorphic Pedersen caching yield 2.85x higher throughput than a persistent Geth Verkle baseline while sustaining production block-rate performance.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The Sonic blockchain's non-forking property can be safely leveraged to apply aggressive storage optimizations such as delta nodes for historical states without compromising real-time query serving or overall correctness.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"SonicDB S6 implements occupancy-aware node specializations via dynamic programming and delta nodes in a Verkle Trie to achieve major storage reductions and throughput gains for high-throughput blockchains.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"SonicDB S6 cuts live Verkle Trie storage 98% and archive storage 95% by exploiting a non-forking blockchain.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"866ccae93601741b65e746a4897600cf1176a56af032f41bd257e652687162ce"},"source":{"id":"2604.06579","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"658ccfc3-6714-4926-b2df-32c7163cdc16","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-10T17:43:03.421010Z","strongest_claim":"SonicDB S6, a production Rust Verkle Trie database for the Sonic blockchain, leverages its non-forking property to enable aggressive storage optimizations. Occupancy-aware node specializations, selected via an O(kn2) dynamic program, reduce live storage by 98%. Delta nodes that record only changed slots reduce archive storage by 95%. Batched updates, multi-threaded commitment computation, and homomorphic Pedersen caching yield 2.85x higher throughput than a persistent Geth Verkle baseline while sustaining production block-rate performance.","one_line_summary":"SonicDB S6 implements occupancy-aware node specializations via dynamic programming and delta nodes in a Verkle Trie to achieve major storage reductions and throughput gains for high-throughput blockchains.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The Sonic blockchain's non-forking property can be safely leveraged to apply aggressive storage optimizations such as delta nodes for historical states without compromising real-time query serving or overall correctness.","pith_extraction_headline":"SonicDB S6 cuts live Verkle Trie storage 98% and archive storage 95% by exploiting a non-forking blockchain."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2604.06579/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}