{"paper":{"title":"SN2023ixf: ultraviolet-to-infrared radiative-transfer modeling of the nebular-phase evolution until 1000 days","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"SN2023ixf's nebular light curve to 1000 days requires dust formation in the cold dense shell plus enhanced gamma-ray escape after 200 days.","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","astro-ph.HE"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","authors_text":"Alexei V. Filippenko, Claudia Gutierrez, K. Azalee Bostroem, Lluis Galbany, Luc Dessart, Stefano Valenti, Thomas G. Brink, Weikang Zheng, Wynn V. Jacobson-Galan","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T20:06:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative-transfer modeling of SN2023ixf during the nebular phase out to 1000d, using the same ejecta that matched its photospheric evolution, namely a partially stripped red-supergiant star of initially 15Msun whose terminal explosion yielded ejecta with 7-8Msun, kinetic energy of 1.2e51erg, and 56Ni mass of 0.05Msun, augmented with a cold dense shell (CDS) of 0.2Msun at 8000km/s. Interaction with circumstellar material persists at all epochs, powering the ultraviolet (UV) flux at all times, but dominating the optical only after ~600d. Matching t"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Matching the V-band light curve requires invoking both enhanced gamma-ray escape and dust formation after ~200d, first in the CDS and eventually in the inner ejecta as well.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The assumption that the same ejecta parameters (7-8 Msun, 1.2e51 erg, 0.05 Msun of 56Ni) that matched the photospheric phase continue to apply without modification throughout the nebular phase to 1000 days.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Radiative-transfer models of SN2023ixf require a 0.2 solar-mass cold dense shell plus rising dust mass to match its nebular-phase UV-optical-IR evolution to 1000 days.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"SN2023ixf's nebular light curve to 1000 days requires dust formation in the cold dense shell plus enhanced gamma-ray escape after 200 days.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"6878ca136bda3b3933ae6c0e40a46a7e006b9d1c84bbdb1797152f73cd18d9df"},"source":{"id":"2605.14081","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"6d44ea67-332b-4b55-938f-5e96fb2296e7","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T02:25:52.085188Z","strongest_claim":"Matching the V-band light curve requires invoking both enhanced gamma-ray escape and dust formation after ~200d, first in the CDS and eventually in the inner ejecta as well.","one_line_summary":"Radiative-transfer models of SN2023ixf require a 0.2 solar-mass cold dense shell plus rising dust mass to match its nebular-phase UV-optical-IR evolution to 1000 days.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The assumption that the same ejecta parameters (7-8 Msun, 1.2e51 erg, 0.05 Msun of 56Ni) that matched the photospheric phase continue to apply without modification throughout the nebular phase to 1000 days.","pith_extraction_headline":"SN2023ixf's nebular light curve to 1000 days requires dust formation in the cold dense shell plus enhanced gamma-ray escape after 200 days."},"references":{"count":104,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Baron, E., Ashall, C., DerKacy, J. M., et al. 2025, ApJ, 994, 249","work_id":"2cc9c38f-415d-4877-8d5a-5af500ea6ff0","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2024,"title":"C., Orellana, M., Folatelli, G., et al","work_id":"956e9044-ef06-4f26-abf9-21d4949e9eb7","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2017,"title":"J., & Milisavljevic, D","work_id":"e4d06444-bf98-4b6c-a8a2-a04206bd5622","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1998,"title":"I., Eastman, R., Bartunov, O","work_id":"b8636171-e7c1-4465-a98f-da508a31b6aa","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"A., Pearson, J., Shrestha, M., et al","work_id":"2509d1e3-40e0-4955-9582-b8f92ce3e6fe","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":104,"snapshot_sha256":"24d7725fce456f4f7ebab22d4cc90f35fa821453a77b04e58af552392642ec18","internal_anchors":1},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}