{"paper":{"title":"Begging with a Purpose? Testing Behavioural Hallmarks of First-Order Intentionality in Free-ranging Hanuman Langurs","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"q-bio.OT","authors_text":"Akash Dutta, Anindita Bhadra, Dishari Dasgupta, Manabi Paul, Pratyusha Adhikary, Shriparna Chattopadhyay, Sruti Banerjee","submitted_at":"2026-06-11T15:17:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"Intentional communication has been studied extensively in primates, yet evidence from free-ranging non-ape species remains limited. Human-directed food-solicitation gestures in Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) have recently been described, but whether these behaviours exhibit behavioural hallmarks associated with first-order intentionality remains unknown. Here, we experimentally investigated the presence of these hallmarks in free-ranging Hanuman langurs across six anthropogenic sites in southern West Bengal, India. We conducted 360 experimental and control trials and quantified behav"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.13463","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.13463/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}