{"paper":{"title":"Non-invasive load measurement in the human tibia via spectral analysis of flexural waves","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Peak locations in tibial flexural wave spectra vary linearly with compressive force and serve as non-invasive proxies for bone load.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","authors_text":"Ali Yawar, Daniel E. Lieberman, Daniel H. Aslan","submitted_at":"2025-11-08T21:23:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Forces transmitted by bones are routinely studied in human biomechanics, but it is challenging to measure them non-invasively, especially outside of laboratory settings. We introduce a technique for non-invasive, in vivo measurement of tibial compressive force using flexural waves propagating in the tibia. Modelling the tibia as an axially compressed Euler-Bernoulli beam, we show that tibial flexural waves have load-dependent frequency spectra. Specifically, under physiological conditions, peak locations in the wave acceleration spectra vary linearly with the compressive force on the tibia and"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Under physiological conditions, peak locations in the wave acceleration spectra vary linearly with the compressive force on the tibia and may be used as proxies for the compressive force.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That soft tissue and skin interfaces do not substantially distort the flexural wave spectra from the underlying bone, allowing skin-mounted sensors to accurately capture load-dependent bone wave behavior as predicted by the Euler-Bernoulli model.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Tibial compressive force correlates linearly with the frequency location of peaks in flexural wave acceleration spectra, allowing non-invasive proxy measurement via skin-mounted transducers and accelerometers.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Peak locations in tibial flexural wave spectra vary linearly with compressive force and serve as non-invasive proxies for bone load.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"a4e490ab562e31c7c55ba7d4978a2fb198711d82e1b6e5917789c049f500bf1f"},"source":{"id":"2511.06140","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":"d61a10fa-cd52-4ee6-85c8-74c935c62e46","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:27.665032Z","strongest_claim":"Under physiological conditions, peak locations in the wave acceleration spectra vary linearly with the compressive force on the tibia and may be used as proxies for the compressive force.","one_line_summary":"Tibial compressive force correlates linearly with the frequency location of peaks in flexural wave acceleration spectra, allowing non-invasive proxy measurement via skin-mounted transducers and accelerometers.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That soft tissue and skin interfaces do not substantially distort the flexural wave spectra from the underlying bone, allowing skin-mounted sensors to accurately capture load-dependent bone wave behavior as predicted by the Euler-Bernoulli model.","pith_extraction_headline":"Peak locations in tibial flexural wave spectra vary linearly with compressive force and serve as non-invasive proxies for bone load."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2511.06140/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":28,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2019,"title":"D. Chadefaux, N. Gueguen, A. Thouze, and G. Rao. 3d propagation of the shock-induced vibrations through the whole lower-limb during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 96: 0 109343, 2019","work_id":"ce696af2-44ea-49e9-ad21-d7b152c7645f","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2020,"title":"J. F. Doyle. Wave Propagation in Structures. Springer Cham, 2020","work_id":"849b73fc-66ad-441a-97c9-859cbaad5707","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2022,"title":"L. Elstub, C. Nurse, L. Grohowski, P. Volgyesi, D. Wolf, and K. Zelik. Tibial bone forces can be monitored using shoe-worn wearable sensors during running. Journal of sports sciences, 40 0 (15): 0 174","work_id":"ecd007c2-c932-4ee8-8f31-b3292241a45e","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1988,"title":"a h and E. St \\","work_id":"3ee2d36e-44d1-48aa-856e-8876fb01288f","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1991,"title":"K. F. Graff. Wave motion in elastic solids. Dover Publications, 1991","work_id":"7922df54-11c0-4c45-b4ea-cd7d1e27f27d","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":28,"snapshot_sha256":"1b5393ef8447eda0a98a0f97876b5d813f87a631cfcce14322ef3342b0ee1f1d","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"91988e34557a8b8f48f140f36f05417397632d66d5b190f16a930ff81531df61"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}