{"paper":{"title":"Quantity-Dependent Bulk-to-Wall Observability of Surface Loading in Rarefied Hypersonic Flow over Triangular Protrusions","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Ehsan Roohi, Elyas Lekzian","submitted_at":"2026-06-24T12:22:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"Localized protrusions on hypersonic vehicles generate pressure, heat-transfer, and shear loads whose rarefied response can depend on gas beyond the immediate wall neighborhood. This work quantifies that bulk-to-wall dependence for triangular protrusions and tests whether coordinate-conditioned surrogates preserve it. Geometry-consistent surrogates are trained for direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) velocity, temperature, pressure, and wall-load profiles over Mach numbers 4--8, Knudsen numbers (Kn) 0.1--0.8, and three protrusion orientations. The central analysis is performed on raw DSMC field"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.25752","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.25752/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}