{"work":{"id":"053c8fda-2078-4162-8638-43b6e89e618d","openalex_id":null,"doi":null,"arxiv_id":"1706.10059","raw_key":null,"title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for the Financial Portfolio Management Problem","authors":null,"authors_text":"Z","year":2017,"venue":"q-fin.CP","abstract":"Financial portfolio management is the process of constant redistribution of a fund into different financial products. This paper presents a financial-model-free Reinforcement Learning framework to provide a deep machine learning solution to the portfolio management problem. The framework consists of the Ensemble of Identical Independent Evaluators (EIIE) topology, a Portfolio-Vector Memory (PVM), an Online Stochastic Batch Learning (OSBL) scheme, and a fully exploiting and explicit reward function. This framework is realized in three instants in this work with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a basic Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). They are, along with a number of recently reviewed or published portfolio-selection strategies, examined in three back-test experiments with a trading period of 30 minutes in a cryptocurrency market. Cryptocurrencies are electronic and decentralized alternatives to government-issued money, with Bitcoin as the best-known example of a cryptocurrency. All three instances of the framework monopolize the top three positions in all experiments, outdistancing other compared trading algorithms. Although with a high commission rate of 0.25% in the backtests, the framework is able to achieve at least 4-fold returns in 50 days.","external_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.10059","cited_by_count":null,"metadata_source":"pith","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-07-03T04:27:36.833888+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"1706.10059","created_at":"2026-05-08T18:44:01.275839+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-03T04:27:36.833888+00:00","title_quality_ok":true,"display_title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for the Financial Portfolio Management Problem","render_title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for the Financial Portfolio Management Problem"},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"053c8fda-2078-4162-8638-43b6e89e618d","tier":"hub","tier_reason":"10+ Pith inbound or 1,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":13,"external_cited_by_count":null,"distinct_field_count":5,"first_pith_cited_at":"2026-03-28T06:13:17+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-06-30T00:19:59+00:00","author_build_status":"not_needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"not_needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-07-03T10:03:53.384271+00:00","tier_text":"hub"},"tier":"hub","role_counts":[{"context_role":"background","n":1}],"polarity_counts":[{"context_polarity":"background","n":1}],"runs":{},"summary":{},"graph":{},"authors":[]}}