{"work":{"id":"c25e03f5-db9b-4343-8eea-fbd171a10f74","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2589317285","doi":"10.1093/mnras/sty1690","arxiv_id":"1702.06148","raw_key":null,"title":"F., Wetzel, A., Kereˇ s, D., et al","authors":[{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-1684","given":"Philip F","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-8942","given":"Andrew","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"},{"name":"Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Dušan","family":"Kereš","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Center for Astrophysics and Space Science, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}]},{"given":"Claude-André","family":"Faucher-Giguère","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and CIERA, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}]},{"given":"Eliot","family":"Quataert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Boylan-Kolchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, 60 St. George Street, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Christopher C","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4655-8128","given":"Shea","family":"Garrison-Kimmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Hummels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-1919","given":"Robert","family":"Feldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5653-0786","given":"Paul","family":"Torrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8091-2349","given":"Xiangcheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Anglés-Alcázar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and CIERA, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}]},{"given":"Kung-Yi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-3081","given":"Matthew","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Denise","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"given":"Ivanna","family":"Escala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3939-3297","given":"Robyn","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Michael Y","family":"Grudić","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Hafen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy and CIERA, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-1160","given":"Ji-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Alex","family":"Fitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}]},{"given":"James S","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TAPIR, Mailcode 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}]},{"given":"T K","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Center for Astrophysics and Space Science, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}]},{"given":"Oliver D","family":"Elbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-4309","given":"Desika","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false}],"authors_text":"Hopkins, P","year":2018,"venue":"astro-ph.GA","abstract":"The Feedback In Realistic Environments (FIRE) project explores feedback in cosmological galaxy formation simulations. Previous FIRE simulations used an identical source code (FIRE-1) for consistency. Motivated by the development of more accurate numerics - including hydrodynamic solvers, gravitational softening, and supernova coupling algorithms - and exploration of new physics (e.g. magnetic fields), we introduce FIRE-2, an updated numerical implementation of FIRE physics for the GIZMO code. We run a suite of simulations and compare against FIRE-1: overall, FIRE-2 improvements do not qualitatively change galaxy-scale properties. We pursue an extensive study of numerics versus physics. Details of the star-formation algorithm, cooling physics, and chemistry have weak effects, provided that we include metal-line cooling and star formation occurs at higher-than-mean densities. We present new resolution criteria for high-resolution galaxy simulations. Most galaxy-scale properties are robust to numerics we test, provided: (1) Toomre masses are resolved; (2) feedback coupling ensures conservation, and (3) individual supernovae are time-resolved. Stellar masses and profiles are most robust to resolution, followed by metal abundances and morphologies, followed by properties of winds and circum-galactic media (CGM). Central (~kpc) mass concentrations in massive (L*) galaxies are sensitive to numerics (via trapping/recycling of winds in hot halos). Multiple feedback mechanisms play key roles: supernovae regulate stellar masses/winds; stellar mass-loss fuels late star formation; radiative feedback suppresses accretion onto dwarfs and instantaneous star formation in disks. We provide all initial conditions and numerical algorithms used.","external_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1690","cited_by_count":982,"metadata_source":"doi_reference","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-05-22T11:54:50.945465+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"1702.06148","created_at":"2026-05-08T17:18:40.230886+00:00","updated_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572+00:00","title_quality_ok":false,"display_title":"F., Wetzel, A., Kereˇ s, D., et al","render_title":"F., Wetzel, A., Kereˇ s, D., et al"},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"c25e03f5-db9b-4343-8eea-fbd171a10f74","tier":"hub","tier_reason":"10+ Pith inbound or 1,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":27,"external_cited_by_count":982,"distinct_field_count":5,"first_pith_cited_at":"2025-09-04T09:58:01+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-05-16T13:42:08+00:00","author_build_status":"not_needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"not_needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-06-19T20:17:55.437278+00:00","tier_text":"hub"},"tier":"hub","role_counts":[],"polarity_counts":[],"runs":{},"summary":{},"graph":{},"authors":[]}}