{"as_of":"2026-08-09T17:41:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:adc286918ccb875b8a24b50044e71f5158e5b4ffb040ad901e604676fad4012f","coverage":[{"denominator":0,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":20,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":20,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":20,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":20,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T11:42:07.587425Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":1,"source":"arxiv_reference","source_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[{"count":13,"observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","source":"arxiv_reference"}],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2401.15284","last_updated":"2025-06-20T02:59:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T17:21:14.265076Z","submitted_at":"2024-01-27T03:53:25Z","title":"Beyond principlism: Practical strategies for ethical AI use in research practices","version":6},"reference_index":38,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-24T04:39:51.175279Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2401.15284"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b6e940ffb985258f42d410fc0f873df12865d804b162a3a7ff79b06ea772a47b","observation_id":"c8065300-b304-40cd-901e-60c3ba6bef58","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-24T04:43:54.027425Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2406.04952","last_updated":"2024-08-29T16:49:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T23:04:17.690411Z","submitted_at":"2024-06-07T14:16:37Z","title":"Quantifying Geospatial in the Common Crawl Corpus","version":2},"reference_index":22,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-23T23:55:10.846601Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2406.04952"},"observation_digest":"sha256:299a8446584d3f6cdd0f7b50b37e9714c8726225f7824ae32e97a06cd119627a","observation_id":"267c4663-ffba-473a-920a-5ce3c4020240","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-23T23:55:53.615494Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T11:42:07.587425Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.07771","last_updated":"2025-02-11T18:55:57Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T11:35:32.227506Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-11T18:55:57Z","title":"Breaking Down Bias: On The Limits of Generalizable Pruning Strategies","version":1},"reference_index":33,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T11:42:07.587425Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.07771"},"observation_digest":"sha256:81a73d66ce5b10a535f4229a9b419add88a94cd7570824bb8678329a2b2cb681","observation_id":"5aa2272c-1d70-438c-9df5-54897d2db05d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T11:42:07.587425Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T10:55:00.710441Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.03984","last_updated":"2025-06-04T14:14:28Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T10:47:36.847544Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-04T14:14:28Z","title":"Around the World in 24 Hours: Probing LLM Knowledge of Time and Place","version":1},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T10:55:00.710441Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.03984"},"observation_digest":"sha256:daee5c01aa50235374e4a272550454b8f9352cc0e793e05529ba09dfea795695","observation_id":"092840db-a920-4f63-8a9d-72d3ea02516f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T10:55:00.710441Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T14:20:39.489448Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2507.19586","last_updated":"2025-07-25T18:00:21Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T21:42:42.944892Z","submitted_at":"2025-07-25T18:00:21Z","title":"Mitigating Geospatial Knowledge Hallucination in Large Language Models: Benchmarking and Dynamic Factuality Aligning","version":1},"reference_index":33,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-06T14:20:39.489448Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2507.19586"},"observation_digest":"sha256:baa6ab0178e95841bdece3c6d89e87a8805576385d90d2602779d67f60fceb42","observation_id":"9e318d8a-5a4d-4f1f-8bd8-ee2b12cc9d1e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-06T14:20:39.489448Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T08:23:45.461318Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2510.21011","last_updated":"2026-06-01T18:35:39Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T13:21:02.710733Z","submitted_at":"2025-10-23T21:43:08Z","title":"Generating the Modal Worker: A Cross-Model Audit of Race and Gender in LLM-Generated Personas Across 41 Occupations","version":3},"reference_index":48,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-04T08:23:45.461318Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2510.21011"},"observation_digest":"sha256:97a3d369f71757377a857f379f047b3bb0033c5843c0aa3c31816ac682c3a09e","observation_id":"9cb5b3a0-dc0a-47fe-b5ed-240892351064","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-04T08:23:45.461318Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-02T18:44:30.111125Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.02680 (2024)","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2603.05710","last_updated":"2026-07-29T14:45:48Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T21:15:07.799633Z","submitted_at":"2026-03-05T22:07:21Z","title":"The Rise of AI in Weather and Climate Information and its Impact on Global Inequality","version":2},"reference_index":40,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-02T18:44:30.111125Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2603.05710"},"observation_digest":"sha256:366d845c86283b4452de18ae77f06ef056154fff78c78dab94a18e958e84c446","observation_id":"429a166f-7dbd-4d69-989c-e5ba81e075da","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-02T18:44:30.111125Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2604.13069","last_updated":"2026-03-20T10:56:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T23:01:10.333101Z","submitted_at":"2026-03-20T10:56:58Z","title":"Geographic Blind Spots in AI Control Monitors: A Cross-National Audit of Claude Opus 4.6","version":1},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-15T08:30:47.680521Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2604.13069"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e89b5108b062a79f0a92672246dfc4ae313592f1a93ceeb9729e27a57605beba","observation_id":"73287b02-b046-40d3-8584-a49811678085","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-15T08:35:19.322049Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2604.14672","last_updated":"2026-04-16T06:30:34Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:55:50.198031Z","submitted_at":"2026-04-16T06:30:34Z","title":"SPAGBias: Uncovering and Tracing Structured Spatial Gender Bias in Large Language Models","version":1},"reference_index":36,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-05-10T11:52:49.311085Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2604.14672"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3dc0c64051027dcb6e7dcdb8b4384e87279890f4800e7d2a51e251609142bef7","observation_id":"90c37278-9b09-4256-9c99-d97854db5293","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-10T11:55:20.860211Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2604.20048","last_updated":"2026-06-08T19:03:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T21:39:11.466198Z","submitted_at":"2026-04-21T23:05:15Z","title":"Culturally uneven urban perception in large language models","version":1},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-10T01:58:34.970947Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2604.20048"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fc68bdf7806ba3cda2813e002913ec208def6954f8444e4a12fb742c817afca5","observation_id":"617e1157-673e-4c0f-b155-83081a3b253d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-11T13:21:03.434063Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2604.20048","last_updated":"2026-06-08T19:03:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T21:39:11.466198Z","submitted_at":"2026-04-21T23:05:15Z","title":"Culturally uneven urban perception in large language models","version":3},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-07-05T06:19:21.376934Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2604.20048"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7abfb03f0514650ef1da25aa76220f15dbb6af11796383135bf87a441785a9c9","observation_id":"a9f0ebdd-4a81-470f-a53e-8cc7fe788063","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-07-05T06:20:44.404297Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.00315","last_updated":"2026-05-01T00:49:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T23:13:47.082550Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-01T00:49:22Z","title":"Unbox Responsible GeoAI: Navigating Climate Extreme and Disaster Mapping","version":1},"reference_index":9,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-09T19:17:18.204350Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.00315"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ca0ed257dcf5cc88fd64fcf9ad58efa7f7bf2ccf1f6e37c6483a442269aacdc0","observation_id":"ddc9619a-7f7a-4405-8292-b127385d18b6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-11T15:46:40.716215Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.21919","last_updated":"2026-05-21T02:44:54Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T23:32:20.708664Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-21T02:44:54Z","title":"SDGBiasBench: Benchmarking and Mitigating Vision--Language Models' Biases in Sustainable Development Goals","version":1},"reference_index":38,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-05-22T07:29:49.950084Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.21919"},"observation_digest":"sha256:324bb70041b66d14fe97c4ad3d4f2b37d145f1438ca1c13f5407f1e4616c959e","observation_id":"7d96fa02-06b7-49de-bc69-0a52d8490796","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-22T07:31:13.935718Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2606.01745","last_updated":"2026-06-01T06:08:04Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-01T09:39:24.341923Z","submitted_at":"2026-06-01T06:08:04Z","title":"Enhancing the Socioeconomic Understanding of Foundation Models with Urban Mobility","version":1},"reference_index":7,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-06-28T12:11:02.997277Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2606.01745"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4d7fc81f4e798bf1d845f768a18367b7db69f49b24c40067000dbd2bfb91decd","observation_id":"aacb634a-2b37-46c4-8498-c4021fd61197","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-07-02T01:16:25.169310Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2606.06694","last_updated":"2026-06-04T20:17:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:04:49.931602Z","submitted_at":"2026-06-04T20:17:58Z","title":"The Geography of Algorithmic Judgment: LLM Intermediaries, Place Identity, and Racial Steering in Housing Search","version":1},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-06-28T02:33:20.915747Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2606.06694"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b984d5d1a652f494278eb270a1c516606e8c52a4f7ef29cf87d7d151253b8af8","observation_id":"8f32d38f-03a8-4da2-8877-f1402d5d2039","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-06-28T02:41:31.993661Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-12T22:22:51.778713Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2606.26099","last_updated":"2026-04-12T16:41:36Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-02T14:02:59.144785Z","submitted_at":"2026-04-12T16:41:36Z","title":"Benchmarking Open-Weight Foundation Models for Global AI Technical Governance","version":1},"reference_index":33,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-07-12T22:22:51.778713Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2606.26099"},"observation_digest":"sha256:76f9f9eba6459cb24a8d2cbb5414e6eaf8925d9145f86f4af37b3204d50a579f","observation_id":"f0b9db8a-43f7-47ba-920f-acc7a1403061","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-07-12T22:22:51.778713Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2606.28369","last_updated":"2026-06-30T19:39:46Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T04:06:36.685126Z","submitted_at":"2026-06-15T15:02:30Z","title":"Multimodal and Multiscale Spatial-Temporal Semantic Search and Recommendation with AI Foundation Models","version":1},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-06-30T11:28:53.277638Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2606.28369"},"observation_digest":"sha256:af3033b62e9f4ee202d82d682872b1d21435129df89e589c028ea1fc5bf07dce","observation_id":"feb1e15d-5829-4ce5-bd75-898b27be7d3a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-06-30T11:34:38.021247Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02680","metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z","title":"Manvi, S","venue":"arXiv (Cornell University)","work_id":"6e20ebbb-ddd3-4a6f-b989-37c6200a1cf1","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2606.28369","last_updated":"2026-06-30T19:39:46Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T04:06:36.685126Z","submitted_at":"2026-06-15T15:02:30Z","title":"Multimodal and Multiscale Spatial-Temporal Semantic Search and Recommendation with AI Foundation Models","version":2},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-07-02T22:36:01.492596Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2606.28369"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6a571f9ead508388aea3c4950ac814faf4711776e06d5b4b54c34c5a82c06e59","observation_id":"9c55b0ae-3f90-44c4-92e5-1e6c8a84f6f7","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-07-02T22:37:25.321618Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:28:44.613179Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.02680 , year =","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.02971","last_updated":"2026-08-04T00:09:08Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T16:23:28.613435Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T00:09:08Z","title":"Mapping the City Through the Lens of Language Models","version":1},"reference_index":9,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:28:44.613179Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2608.02971"},"observation_digest":"sha256:62ff58e6e21afe1d438fbe3b4ab33748115dfb244b5f683f8cdf5f26c25e3a7e","observation_id":"d18fcc7a-e45d-4330-bf16-aabeda9a0a7b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:28:44.613179Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.02680","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:17:31.810090Z","title":"Lobell, and Stefano Ermon","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2608.02996","last_updated":"2026-08-04T01:26:03Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T16:11:04.294831Z","submitted_at":"2026-08-04T01:26:03Z","title":"On the missing benchmarks layer and a potential solution","version":1},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:17:31.810090Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.02680","citing_paper":"/paper/2608.02996"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b058a948b1e56e2c8d81983fa8dc54018dae4b5b6db3c0c25100a6d1341d5eff","observation_id":"42b63746-05fd-4fbb-be3d-fb1512eee4ae","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:17:31.810090Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2402.02680/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2402.02680/integrity","json":"/paper/2402.02680/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2402.02680"},"outbound":[],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.02680","last_updated":"2024-10-05T18:20:58Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T11:44:34.556152Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-05T02:32:09Z","title":"Large Language Models are Geographically Biased"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":0,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":0,"verified_exact":0,"verified_fuzzy":0},"total_outbound_references":0},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 20 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2402.02680."}