{"as_of":"2026-08-19T20:11:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:2a14fc2ba151cfbb9931b04c0b02d104d584601adc3f56df042d3d022c9f31b2","coverage":[{"denominator":0,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":16,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":16,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":16,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":16,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T04:02:00.026561Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"arxiv_reference","source_observed_at":"2026-07-02T23:37:27.035864Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-12T13:54:28.824588Z","title":"Error feedback fixes signsgd and other gradient compression schemes","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2015},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2411.15958","last_updated":"2025-03-10T23:28:01Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T21:50:37.914467Z","submitted_at":"2024-11-24T19:07:31Z","title":"Adaptive Methods through the Lens of SDEs: Theoretical Insights on the Role of Noise","version":2},"reference_index":2014,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-12T13:54:28.824588Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2411.15958"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0cf0517dfb5adbf2130f4fabe84a68ef443611c1438223318ca08cb1a5fd22f9","observation_id":"e44d38be-0401-4187-ad20-26de2a8c7329","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-12T13:54:28.824588Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T23:55:18.171126Z","title":"Heavy- tailedclassimbalanceandwhyadamoutperformsgradientdescentonlanguagemodels","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2412.02153","last_updated":"2025-02-11T16:23:39Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T12:28:01.909514Z","submitted_at":"2024-12-03T04:28:14Z","title":"Revisiting the Initial Steps in Adaptive Gradient Descent Optimization","version":2},"reference_index":20,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-11T23:55:18.171126Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2412.02153"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e5b8ba427a8f0d12d23f30e9cef2f966a51bf8488e57768e960316fa20fabcf9","observation_id":"483bd74d-39e7-4e6f-ab3b-bc86c1cfd077","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T23:55:18.171126Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-11T13:28:28.941168Z","title":"Heavy-tailed class imbalance and why adam outperforms gradient descent on language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2412.13148","last_updated":"2025-02-21T18:59:37Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-15T15:12:45.559733Z","submitted_at":"2024-12-17T18:13:18Z","title":"SWAN: SGD with Normalization and Whitening Enables Stateless LLM Training","version":3},"reference_index":38,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-11T13:28:28.941168Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2412.13148"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d00333470c85b153505090fbbde092072f3f1a965572628c6ae197aec285ef75","observation_id":"27594f91-5cf2-4a8b-b430-4fbd50d73a4e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-11T13:28:28.941168Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T23:08:28.116499Z","title":"Heavy-tailed class imbalance and why Adam outperforms gradient descent on language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.19449, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2412.21124","last_updated":"2025-03-16T21:10:15Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T20:30:23.005028Z","submitted_at":"2024-12-30T17:55:28Z","title":"Adaptive Batch Size Schedules for Distributed Training of Language Models with Data and Model Parallelism","version":2},"reference_index":40,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T23:08:28.116499Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2412.21124"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bdd7669f2cd6e5f8b31839e6a04a2f38f20912ecffb427a88189911585ea27ab","observation_id":"2f3cd7b1-45a6-4f41-be3f-4401f52edc0a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T23:08:28.116499Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T18:07:32.921473Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.11638","last_updated":"2025-08-05T09:33:59Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-14T09:43:22.621093Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-20T18:12:59Z","title":"Class Imbalance in Anomaly Detection: Learning from an Exactly Solvable Model","version":2},"reference_index":22,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-10T18:07:32.921473Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.11638"},"observation_digest":"sha256:198e895a42b22e7631f5b53bff4141faff4b0472c379226142f7f33c8f0f9a68","observation_id":"a77130f8-5e40-43e1-9d2b-4127d2037e90","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-10T18:07:32.921473Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:37:23.544235Z","title":"Heavy-tailed class imbalance and why adam outperforms gradient descent on language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06742","last_updated":"2025-02-10T18:09:53Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-14T13:02:54.181944Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T18:09:53Z","title":"Gradient Multi-Normalization for Stateless and Scalable LLM Training","version":1},"reference_index":27,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:37:23.544235Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06742"},"observation_digest":"sha256:31fb243bc586d4d2c6796ea83acb583e7059cb01cf098b314a7adfe7047a6a68","observation_id":"34a40cd0-c212-4fd7-ab57-f29d81426256","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:37:23.544235Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T12:40:42.267822Z","title":"Heavy-tailed class imbalance and why adam outperforms gradient descent on language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.07488","last_updated":"2025-02-11T11:48:04Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T22:21:34.070786Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-11T11:48:04Z","title":"Improving Adaptive Moment Optimization via Preconditioner Diagonalization","version":1},"reference_index":19,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T12:40:42.267822Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.07488"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3cde360e7af33071379b8c57739a321c9e93b98d6448f8f4547182e975a81bd0","observation_id":"4ee2ef16-3de8-498f-9667-616dc150ad73","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T12:40:42.267822Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:56:54.561543Z","title":"Heavy-tailed class imbalance and why Adam outperforms gradient descent on language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.19449,","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.08532","last_updated":"2025-06-16T23:04:01Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T10:10:18.488110Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-12T16:12:17Z","title":"Nonlinearly Preconditioned Gradient Methods under Generalized Smoothness","version":2},"reference_index":5,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:56:54.561543Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.08532"},"observation_digest":"sha256:21f27d0aa9f437aa9d85156456c839af636e517eca2c22e2af75b0bc6db56e8b","observation_id":"b0d0ba62-37af-4f0e-bcbd-11c0dd21b4e3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T04:56:54.561543Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T00:50:30.584903Z","title":"arXiv:2402.19449 [cs, math, stat]","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.12543","last_updated":"2025-06-14T15:37:31Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T11:52:29.103954Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-14T15:37:31Z","title":"Is your batch size the problem? Revisiting the Adam-SGD gap in language modeling","version":1},"reference_index":13,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T00:50:30.584903Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.12543"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ccd7557cc2e9e7be0aaf2e7e335ddead3cd294a8c0e00502189b2161939839ff","observation_id":"93b8ace5-b1e8-41e7-976f-b4ee1f3a29da","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T00:50:30.584903Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T19:25:24.881398Z","title":"Heavy- tailed class imbalance and why Adam outperforms gradient descent on language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.19449, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2507.05966","last_updated":"2025-07-08T13:19:26Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-17T03:59:58.647026Z","submitted_at":"2025-07-08T13:19:26Z","title":"Simple Convergence Proof of Adam From a Sign-like Descent Perspective","version":1},"reference_index":29,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-06T19:25:24.881398Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2507.05966"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6b065b3bcf51b8cf3b44190db196976a5fa69d8f093bb28ec943001226fcdd70","observation_id":"695b4b05-6208-440c-9b30-0ffb1201aa38","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-06T19:25:24.881398Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T19:10:16.543726Z","title":"Heavy- tailed class imbalance and why Adam outperforms gradient descent on language models,","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2507.06464","last_updated":"2025-07-09T00:47:37Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-13T07:37:39.690725Z","submitted_at":"2025-07-09T00:47:37Z","title":"SoftSignSGD(S3): An Enhanced Optimizer for Practical DNN Training and Loss Spikes Minimization Beyond Adam","version":1},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-06T19:10:16.543726Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2507.06464"},"observation_digest":"sha256:120daaedc969498c3a3719b362b51f59d5397c080360999b5b1439e57264188a","observation_id":"03e8a653-b280-4c7a-9d79-158e223e8596","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-06T19:10:16.543726Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T17:35:00.523005Z","title":"Heavy- tailed class imbalance and why adam outperforms gradient descent on language models, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2507.10536","last_updated":"2025-07-14T17:57:08Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-10T00:25:46.079436Z","submitted_at":"2025-07-14T17:57:08Z","title":"On the Performance of Differentially Private Optimization with Heavy-Tail Class Imbalance","version":1},"reference_index":8,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-06T17:35:00.523005Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2507.10536"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ef384d8b468ac339c98936846411e87c43eec89c2feb02b1e7692a171d34eec7","observation_id":"804db7b2-bcdb-4899-85ca-a5638c30b740","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-06T17:35:00.523005Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T04:02:00.026561Z","title":"Heavy-tailed class imbalance and why adam outperforms gradient descent on language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2508.15071","last_updated":"2025-08-20T21:14:17Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-19T04:40:53.460744Z","submitted_at":"2025-08-20T21:14:17Z","title":"Enhancing Optimizer Stability: Momentum Adaptation of The NGN Step-size","version":1},"reference_index":43,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-16T04:02:00.026561Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2508.15071"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f859e90810d0edf7d42a948ae62a1dedcabdbf8e9132f152725ebf5f60a50082","observation_id":"9c2a846a-b032-4017-be1b-a5bf448f13cf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-16T04:02:00.026561Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T23:37:27.035864Z","title":"Kunstner, R","venue":null,"work_id":"cccee837-bc6b-4c85-96a5-dc20b1577ecd","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.09253","last_updated":"2026-07-01T02:40:56Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-13T01:26:47.116950Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-10T01:41:43Z","title":"Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation","version":1},"reference_index":16,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-12T02:32:09.080336Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.09253"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0d4fa57e10701dfb39a99bf7517c3b4f5021a73abca1ff8e16933040b1be0438","observation_id":"220bfc87-8221-47cc-b5a2-1361fcbafb40","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-12T07:31:35.949353Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T23:37:27.035864Z","title":"Kunstner, R","venue":null,"work_id":"cccee837-bc6b-4c85-96a5-dc20b1577ecd","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.09253","last_updated":"2026-07-01T02:40:56Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-13T01:26:47.116950Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-10T01:41:43Z","title":"Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation","version":3},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-06-30T22:52:01.824412Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.09253"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f1ccb2c10d26ba05c3ae025aa275c501e684da7b9a599b8062e6995f32c478ee","observation_id":"9660cd88-0dd3-4a6a-b3ac-3a2905a11290","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-07-01T13:45:45.699212Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2402.19449","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T23:37:27.035864Z","title":"Kunstner, R","venue":null,"work_id":"cccee837-bc6b-4c85-96a5-dc20b1577ecd","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.09253","last_updated":"2026-07-01T02:40:56Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-13T01:26:47.116950Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-10T01:41:43Z","title":"Cornerstones or Stumbling Blocks? Deciphering the Rock Tokens in On-Policy Distillation","version":4},"reference_index":31,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-07-02T23:34:26.508233Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.19449","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.09253"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e4a5c28a36f73c87d5408e16b000d32d3de3a97b0deaa56926b4cf200608cc8f","observation_id":"a90c3278-5f69-4580-a59f-b32941ed8761","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-07-02T23:37:27.037144Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2402.19449/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2402.19449/integrity","json":"/paper/2402.19449/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2402.19449"},"outbound":[],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.19449","last_updated":"2024-07-12T05:10:32Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.LG","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-16T14:14:00.607790Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-29T18:47:52Z","title":"Heavy-Tailed Class Imbalance and Why Adam Outperforms Gradient Descent on Language Models"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":0,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":0,"verified_exact":0,"verified_fuzzy":0},"total_outbound_references":0},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 16 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2402.19449."}