{"as_of":"2026-08-09T21:27:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:99a8bd4019186302e3e8b3301519242b8efcbe0cd68734f5c28236a5137e6374","coverage":[{"denominator":62,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":62,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.019906Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":62,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":62,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":0,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"cited_works","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2502.06635/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2502.06635/integrity","json":"/paper/2502.06635/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.187003Z","title":"In OpenBMB Blog, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":"f77e6cdb-9002-4504-89c2-0fe71fcecb49","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":1,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.692699Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5129240e24226cfb0c974c24196d44be46428b8a75e13b51c0dbc801f36b7cc9","observation_id":"8ee0e18a-4fa7-4bae-837b-a948d118f38c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.192714Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.170344Z","title":"Phi-2: The surprising power of small language models","venue":null,"work_id":"b19c2d73-3fd4-4f9e-b5fc-b742a4bf73c5","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":2,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.698327Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0423655a5fb0b4649ac1aee23578890b9facb72447b428960d2c0768a9a3c217","observation_id":"a22af6c3-6691-4f4c-a91b-63a46e80bd6c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.175509Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2403.04652","last_updated":"2025-01-21T10:12:05Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2024-03-07T16:52:49Z","title":"Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2403.04652","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.703849Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":3,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.703849Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2403.04652","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4ca3cd83c7dd3e251aed2a2ca0014a26499d8c2d8626c97e82a459ce996dc5db","observation_id":"a369b45b-8e49-46cf-b6f4-175ba496e2a4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.703849Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.154412Z","title":"Infinity instruct","venue":null,"work_id":"d283c404-3abc-427a-8848-cc1c8bbc8a3a","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":4,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.709331Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e015fb8bbd423ef312933a72a09546a1fa9d16994ca3e4aba2b6bda18dae1804","observation_id":"0e681929-4679-4abf-ae68-e0a0413fa087","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.159442Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2309.16609","last_updated":"2023-09-28T17:07:49Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T21:25:20.369782Z","submitted_at":"2023-09-28T17:07:49Z","title":"Qwen Technical Report","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2309.16609","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.719732Z","title":"Qwen technical report","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":6,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.719732Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2309.16609","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fd0fbf31239eed56aaa1df8e619c15d980878c4e806386cb07d7fb09672a4a50","observation_id":"4dbcc8ab-a6fa-4dd8-b5ed-04222d69bedf","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.719732Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.725294Z","title":"Belle: Be everyone's large language model engine","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":7,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.725294Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6a32347386555095dfd55a4f0a63d619716ecc1594acff5cafb8e1322898d25e","observation_id":"cb11098b-02ce-4efc-909e-2f2b39141602","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.725294Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.730529Z","title":"Internlm2 technical report, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":8,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.730529Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a50da4bac917192a3a344b5a53c94a7d57d9ed06c1ea9a30d5aa8ce9c730bf43","observation_id":"a8f06b17-068f-4d55-8d68-15e13c601623","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.730529Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2204.02311","last_updated":"2022-10-05T06:02:24Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2022-04-05T16:11:45Z","title":"PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways","version":5},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2204.02311","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.735588Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":9,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.735588Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2204.02311","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8451a7c616db042a16df3e83f71ff3aad25792703b1c353abd42ee779de7d482","observation_id":"6f8fe7b7-badb-44a2-bc88-11a0c5c1c670","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.735588Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2401.06066","last_updated":"2024-01-11T17:31:42Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2024-01-11T17:31:42Z","title":"DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2401.06066","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.741207Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":10,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.741207Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2401.06066","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a16ac9fc37020e29f67ae5137e41cced458b8554a94158f10ee44f6c0397b037","observation_id":"9c938e35-f4f0-42a4-aacc-549cf5d04d56","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.741207Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2205.14135","last_updated":"2022-06-23T17:53:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T13:14:48.753329Z","submitted_at":"2022-05-27T17:53:09Z","title":"FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2205.14135","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.746476Z","title":"Fu, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":11,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.746476Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2205.14135","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:337d954c8a5402feb96266ac02d942102f01be446a90ce9257ee4d02489c8283","observation_id":"67dd34bc-37dd-4fb9-8a0e-1a4222b74c41","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.746476Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.115435Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"983efc80-df25-44cd-bffb-3fe492cc051a","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":12,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.751599Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:89594a32f2e27ec6be6f45415579d1194ec630b9b6bbb0e66684a69e39380e1c","observation_id":"2e65e3a0-cb96-4e48-9e54-11b461689c4e","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.120543Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2405.04434","last_updated":"2024-06-19T06:04:17Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2024-05-07T15:56:43Z","title":"DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model","version":5},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2405.04434","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.756577Z","title":"Zhang, Hanwei Xu, Hao Yang, Haowei Zhang, Honghui Ding, Huajian Xin, Huazuo Gao, Hui Li, Hui Qu, J","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":13,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.756577Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2405.04434","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7d4770a21244cbe2a124b93b09b91d95bea37d116c4dae0520a707fba191a4a5","observation_id":"e836b4a3-3e60-4d92-ba62-c69efb74df8a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.756577Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2404.04167","last_updated":"2024-09-13T09:47:29Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T12:40:40.402292Z","submitted_at":"2024-04-05T15:20:02Z","title":"Chinese Tiny LLM: Pretraining a Chinese-Centric Large Language Model","version":5},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2404.04167","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.762014Z","title":"Chinese tiny llm: Pretraining a chinese-centric large language model","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":14,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.762014Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2404.04167","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4cf0a5a6d211c90aa7ed4484f5c1c4c4cd8d677d767ac8da5dc7b9a5c64d7466","observation_id":"7923e5ec-d4d7-4a53-99e5-0e69aaacb894","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.762014Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2101.03961","last_updated":"2022-06-16T20:36:07Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2021-01-11T16:11:52Z","title":"Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2101.03961","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.767525Z","title":"Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity, 2022","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":15,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.767525Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2101.03961","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6943ea250a684c958616979616d3b5891fe2d5ea9adb03f35373f43961e0d87a","observation_id":"b14a4c63-97d1-4ce5-b018-32107fb5202d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.767525Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.772795Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":16,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.772795Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:54a96b08650e613544355fa21daa91b7d28fe7572f26a323109760daf28abb40","observation_id":"4663703e-a3f0-4d6e-8ce4-1432d1aa6d35","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.772795Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.778078Z","title":"Chatglm: A family of large language models from glm-130b to glm-4 all tools, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.778078Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:af6daf8f8926afefadcd87d9169c0bd6ee9fbc1d6c3f43639e13fa3431777f5a","observation_id":"2df03376-179a-48a6-a7f5-75b3f60f6035","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.778078Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.085120Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"c7431d9d-83be-4b67-b52b-780ca9a735c2","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":18,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.783233Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:87d2780f7f87469349bb6cda596341d9350132aee2de908447776beb8ee534ff","observation_id":"3cbf0de8-54c9-41a7-b39d-c4edb667f724","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.091570Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.066547Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"15c8ffdd-c5e2-46d7-b1ca-85721437804b","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":19,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.788525Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:9b6b51af454211e9850c2d61ae1498eb67bc58074bcf3928f852a4f69fa7d77f","observation_id":"1bae88b3-47f0-455d-a7d0-fe920d797c28","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.072029Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.793508Z","title":"Wanjuan: A comprehensive multimodal dataset for advancing english and chinese large models, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":20,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.793508Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:705be148a469554fa30103d8a600588f8498f672c6c6c7d4b2a1168d0159a8e2","observation_id":"9a93238b-7c6b-499b-aaed-9dc428281424","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.793508Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.798136Z","title":"Jacobs, Michael I","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":1991},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":21,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.798136Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f82dacd9ad82a3e9760e686f3d7e6bca996907acdf81d921c424fa4377bb8061","observation_id":"f5a3a335-9bf5-4438-8a58-0b5372eaf149","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.798136Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2303.14742","last_updated":"2023-03-26T14:49:37Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:30:57.641903Z","submitted_at":"2023-03-26T14:49:37Z","title":"Exploring the Impact of Instruction Data Scaling on Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on Real-World Use Cases","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2303.14742","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.802745Z","title":"Exploring the impact of instruction data scaling on large language models: An empirical study on real-world use cases, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":22,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.802745Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2303.14742","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b9104910d0308e8f4a7bc564ad6f0f29fec071c69e1f785bcc06473e5d934cc9","observation_id":"8f6ced39-35d7-43c2-8836-11d65658a33b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.802745Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.807631Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":23,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.807631Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2cf3117f5aaa1e53fbe22e86340f5dc31c224d11ad867ca342f065e738cbf2a3","observation_id":"e1fdac91-3783-4d8d-84ec-11b6af00f7c5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.807631Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1905.12322","last_updated":"2019-06-13T17:55:30Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T04:17:53.148033Z","submitted_at":"2019-05-29T10:50:32Z","title":"A Study of BFLOAT16 for Deep Learning Training","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1905.12322","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.812213Z","title":"A study of bfloat16 for deep learning training, 2019","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":24,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.812213Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1905.12322","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d71cb84fe5c52e559b5308a3efaa47edd45648acc7380939762d88707b1fa759","observation_id":"f8887032-055a-401c-ba9e-58c389b7748d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.812213Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1412.6980","last_updated":"2017-01-30T01:27:54Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2014-12-22T13:54:29Z","title":"Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization","version":9},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1412.6980","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.817138Z","title":"Kingma and Jimmy Ba","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":25,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.817138Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1412.6980","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:60aac6e014399117995025498e9ff94535eaeb2aa3f4f0345fea764d92dd569c","observation_id":"c2400419-4cfc-4502-a9c3-c3b235de303c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.817138Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.010069Z","title":"\\ GS \\ hard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding","venue":null,"work_id":"2ebff3e5-02dc-4770-a999-c10336a0af4c","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":26,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.821986Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:051651b22c1963b9b6d6e4b34e35e1a6f5a6902343430d55af9774b7005fc185","observation_id":"283f1fb9-a67e-4290-b130-6d28b4375664","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:51:00.016168Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.992608Z","title":"Starcoder: may the source be with you! 2023","venue":null,"work_id":"42acc8ff-bc8d-478d-ac96-e62bc12bbf70","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":27,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.826769Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ffb5f9dbee87a37327f241f7761dc150b8f8413345039ffcd32f519842ce4b10","observation_id":"56efa3df-8996-431f-bc10-1960a26ce598","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.997768Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2312.06550","last_updated":"2023-12-11T17:39:00Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T16:59:56.350207Z","submitted_at":"2023-12-11T17:39:00Z","title":"LLM360: Towards Fully Transparent Open-Source LLMs","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2312.06550","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.832191Z","title":"Llm360: Towards fully transparent open-source llms","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":28,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.832191Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2312.06550","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2de5b51348fc5ca2ac37b37575fea98dc81d7787f1a7ae1e063fb20bec0c0c1c","observation_id":"13ca31ff-e482-47c3-8bfa-2d21153cb886","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.832191Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.976556Z","title":"Modeling task relationships in multi-task learning with multi-gate mixture-of-experts","venue":null,"work_id":"b147eefe-480a-4e8a-9edf-2bb7128cb87a","year":1930},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":29,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.837486Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:91723081384797a8beb78972e20048a034a23da7d1db510e530dccb9a6373a7f","observation_id":"1e170d95-d3ee-48c9-91f4-084357d87a44","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.981479Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2409.02060","last_updated":"2025-03-03T01:25:46Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-29T16:11:06.082798Z","submitted_at":"2024-09-03T17:08:20Z","title":"OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2409.02060","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.842623Z","title":"Olmoe: Open mixture-of-experts language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":30,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.842623Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2409.02060","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d9ea05f8cdfadf1ae88d32ba458057003f581d6f10930d7b624767c747604231","observation_id":"8a385195-b609-4c44-a7c6-7b7edb49940d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.842623Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.00656","last_updated":"2025-10-08T07:50:45Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:58:44.493777Z","submitted_at":"2024-12-31T21:55:10Z","title":"2 OLMo 2 Furious","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2501.00656","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.847851Z","title":"2 olmo 2 furious","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":31,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.847851Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2501.00656","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f8550c202f77b00e967b4b17e92893c37112d2921d8d3a9f51e50e2e746d6ff2","observation_id":"c95999a9-6160-4527-919b-376fdcc893e0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.847851Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2308.00951","last_updated":"2024-05-27T11:44:51Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T15:30:21.645746Z","submitted_at":"2023-08-02T05:20:55Z","title":"From Sparse to Soft Mixtures of Experts","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2308.00951","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.853117Z","title":"From sparse to soft mixtures of experts, 2024","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":32,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.853117Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2308.00951","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d49a1847da8588aa68fd7d02a366a69af16e6ea85c78ddbffeeb0a9c7cdf301c","observation_id":"f65a9190-f25b-4d3a-9d2f-01f9e0ac3562","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.853117Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18290","last_updated":"2024-07-29T22:26:36Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-01T16:34:38.795326Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T17:57:46Z","title":"Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18290","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.858377Z","title":"Manning, and Chelsea Finn","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":33,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.858377Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18290","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4b4e544ed19167059381c075796f0147c3dfa1340e4c5a17a0833e404056f160","observation_id":"2f6bcbe7-69a8-4437-a547-1006b4d96fdc","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.858377Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.960407Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"5c2b9dfe-c6e3-4045-aed8-a1c21d7926c1","year":1992},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":34,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.863607Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:cc99440e932f9e3cce20deca92fd4ff85051002556d0d654f41f384c525c9804","observation_id":"ded0d18f-07c6-405b-a311-d408eda030f8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.965224Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.942985Z","title":"Better ruozhiba","venue":null,"work_id":"9cb8f4aa-f123-4796-be9b-7daf3913176e","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":35,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.868551Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0d0a775326f0f5dd1393d8d78e225e3f6055d0aeebfe401ece2d1c6578e67194","observation_id":"b4c16616-463d-4a21-b7f1-e55a816cb847","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.948946Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2002.05202","last_updated":"2020-02-12T19:57:13Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2020-02-12T19:57:13Z","title":"GLU Variants Improve Transformer","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2002.05202","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.873668Z","title":"Glu variants improve transformer, 2020","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":36,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.873668Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2002.05202","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5d8c412ffac12022df32ba2a410d82405e3e3349f3d0df24956231923d3aa2d1","observation_id":"d01f08d9-0c09-4e5e-b473-f988c8e44fd1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.873668Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2104.09864","last_updated":"2023-11-08T13:36:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T11:01:58.137141Z","submitted_at":"2021-04-20T09:54:06Z","title":"RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding","version":5},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2104.09864","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.879018Z","title":"Roformer: Enhanced transformer with rotary position embedding, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":37,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.879018Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2104.09864","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:cb1814ca07066c0dbef65d133b47d303b433940a8f7ee7bb5cb98e3577b17650","observation_id":"6f5fbdec-5bbc-43bc-b19c-617a7e386748","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.879018Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.925439Z","title":"Moss: An open conversational large language model","venue":null,"work_id":"27a87688-2f7f-45d1-8829-f46b8d1e9e61","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":38,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.884329Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b262fa0b13724ad1db5f82305c63a05888e644a5a9c2f87367fd294f548d09ec","observation_id":"b298a62e-4b40-485d-a809-e57f3597190d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.930452Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.908852Z","title":"Llm360 k2-65b: Scaling up fully transparent open-source llms","venue":null,"work_id":"ebf72aff-6d7f-446d-829e-c4f733ee9a26","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":39,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.889274Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0afe9b4061990e1fc30b3a99a60bff5e9789771862cdc4cc1623a7fcba3a5702","observation_id":"54b2ac6d-f8fa-4af5-a720-20f3a1651bfb","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.914009Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.892239Z","title":"Emollm: Reinventing mental health support with large language models","venue":null,"work_id":"6c3abe14-7539-4770-ab78-48b0773a83d4","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":40,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.894050Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b258ea8df1d6edc9d0c8cd5263992a8c2100774d239b161bc702dc1850280ce5","observation_id":"04dbd557-323d-4541-a668-b97a82e989e6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.897379Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2403.08295","last_updated":"2024-04-16T12:52:47Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-03T03:29:01.959523Z","submitted_at":"2024-03-13T06:59:16Z","title":"Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2403.08295","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.898980Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":41,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.898980Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2403.08295","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:20b5164d5881f628dd5e9dd7b930171e2ce01cc9714dae3c5493c12a56aea7b5","observation_id":"99efe1f0-e82f-4f2b-b088-4498ae53525b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.898980Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.875393Z","title":"Introducing qwen1.5, February 2024 b","venue":null,"work_id":"2d881d9a-2bf6-4fc2-bc07-5e55fa95d378","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":42,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.904526Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c801821f9d973d93452d4b63b5c72c9510e87b4b3782983f52a8528b07e5a5d0","observation_id":"a10164ce-516e-4b1c-8e2f-2eff8c49ac52","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.880730Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.858748Z","title":"Qwen1.5-moe: Matching 7b model performance with 1/3 activated parameters\", February 2024 c","venue":null,"work_id":"54065f18-fd07-4748-b6fe-08b84b30681a","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":43,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.909598Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a4d6c932198cc9b55d6806096dc3832a0a72b697fcc1e3919fde8e823b36f792","observation_id":"d97cd0d7-03cd-44d1-bec1-9f3a4600c247","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.864074Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.914735Z","title":"Openhermes 2.5: An open dataset of synthetic data for generalist llm assistants, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":44,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.914735Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:262b14531bd81ba8dd1a483932dce867af2fbba4a199e0fb81dea493a2654235","observation_id":"990ed4eb-5af1-4a16-8f0f-8739cc6a9707","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.914735Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.919855Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":45,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.919855Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bea5f5bf488e964ab7595b1d75412d1a2c381e7fa747c1b5a13441d2ab40fbbb","observation_id":"cca2647e-cad6-48b0-8038-3aa6d51b184b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.919855Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2302.13971","last_updated":"2023-02-27T17:11:15Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2023-02-27T17:11:15Z","title":"LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2302.13971","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.925190Z","title":"Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models, 2023 a","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":46,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.925190Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2302.13971","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d34bb59e0e4bb1bb44553e00f5437230e97acfe903c84e2b4094a5de3e8626d1","observation_id":"9c9e1deb-13cd-4823-aa8c-483ff4b5fed3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.925190Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2307.09288","last_updated":"2023-07-19T17:08:59Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:56:43.323460Z","submitted_at":"2023-07-18T14:31:57Z","title":"Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2307.09288","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.930812Z","title":"Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models, 2023 b","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":47,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.930812Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2307.09288","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c3b8a1fee18b775a5c18aa4cfaee28c789bfd24e83f2de8791e5f7ee8016a360","observation_id":"44f9494f-e464-4d7e-972a-9ca317b267b8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.930812Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.936332Z","title":"Skywork: A more open bilingual foundation model, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":48,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.936332Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ddb94950c5d371372ef32adae26bed200759ce58dffa9f48b515c301c402bfc9","observation_id":"952760da-cfb5-4e46-967d-8edd1b81cfc6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.936332Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.941576Z","title":"Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":49,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.941576Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:56e8fe4107289c01b8e28320db06769a941d5a24c078ba04d379e84ed33452e8","observation_id":"e44b882d-6782-4235-94e5-1645dfc281b5","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.941576Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2412.15115","last_updated":"2025-01-03T02:18:21Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2024-12-19T17:56:09Z","title":"Qwen2.5 Technical Report","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2412.15115","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.946513Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":50,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.946513Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2412.15115","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e5c29067446510c23f9d18e8d40f870123bb9023687233de5e7fee21b318334b","observation_id":"640a447c-0506-44bb-b755-aecd8cf6816a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.946513Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.810622Z","title":"Firefly (flowing fireflies): Chinese conversational large language model","venue":null,"work_id":"426acc2e-bc2d-4f3c-b3d0-1ebf88b0b18b","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":51,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.951755Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8720a72e8f612dab0eb9da797d5c6c06cd5178912702d3ed62c75605748ac7d6","observation_id":"1db7141e-8ef9-419c-afa7-bcb3765d2134","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.815944Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.792108Z","title":"Mammoth2: Scaling instructions from the web","venue":null,"work_id":"9919d6b8-18d6-4e0a-b5fb-b79eb3777839","year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":52,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.956542Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:230dde38046d71765900d1d2a5754bd7edd57dcfcd143d873b144f64f17afadd","observation_id":"f23d20ab-4f7c-461e-98f0-5c05868d51fe","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.799228Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1910.07467","last_updated":"2019-10-16T16:44:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T08:22:25.110228Z","submitted_at":"2019-10-16T16:44:22Z","title":"Root Mean Square Layer Normalization","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1910.07467","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.961274Z","title":"Root mean square layer normalization, 2019","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":53,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.961274Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1910.07467","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b45f0c09a0f2f4755450a598431b5b5316d5d74adec8ca507b0f24b736f037dc","observation_id":"a478640b-9072-4db8-81e4-c70e1c7dc54d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.961274Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2405.19327","last_updated":"2024-07-10T16:55:47Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T06:05:02.911714Z","submitted_at":"2024-05-29T17:57:16Z","title":"MAP-Neo: Highly Capable and Transparent Bilingual Large Language Model Series","version":4},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2405.19327","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.971947Z","title":"Map-neo: Highly capable and transparent bilingual large language model series","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":55,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.971947Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2405.19327","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ba9c7dd4ad8ec688e8945e2795cbfbfd22df3690720935c88bd61e0d84c02f01","observation_id":"4956b6ce-8a50-41bd-914f-c1f1ba8a17a6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.971947Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2401.02385","last_updated":"2024-06-04T02:05:30Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2024-01-04T17:54:59Z","title":"TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2401.02385","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.976712Z","title":"Tinyllama: An open-source small language model, 2024 c","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2024},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":56,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.976712Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2401.02385","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:dd78d5229247d58c16954bd82ff160ff88333b292b3b5cf3b6fedf00c38b66d0","observation_id":"7a0e3094-fd25-490c-9778-3adc092331ab","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.976712Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2304.11277","last_updated":"2023-09-12T16:28:00Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-01T19:01:47.393546Z","submitted_at":"2023-04-21T23:52:27Z","title":"PyTorch FSDP: Experiences on Scaling Fully Sharded Data Parallel","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2304.11277","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.981760Z","title":"Pytorch fsdp: Experiences on scaling fully sharded data parallel, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":57,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.981760Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2304.11277","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:3d64627f9ab313e1fe30b4732673262ab9a5d547a0537ff71c110c5ce50384d4","observation_id":"afc1e85c-e3b7-454d-a9e5-ed011e8d30ce","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.981760Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.14658","last_updated":"2025-01-07T05:37:04Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T03:14:31.781649Z","submitted_at":"2024-02-22T16:06:23Z","title":"OpenCodeInterpreter: Integrating Code Generation with Execution and Refinement","version":3},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2402.14658","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.987575Z","title":"Opencodeinterpreter: Integrating code generation with execution and refinement, 2025","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2025},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":58,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.987575Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2402.14658","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8ffb4860f53a3e6e8527f26326dbba9bde7c7ef79bfaad65ba4a31cb67f3b73e","observation_id":"61aabd02-a9fe-4b4a-a86f-db58a1adf813","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.987575Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.11206","last_updated":"2023-05-18T17:45:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T19:18:06.171048Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-18T17:45:22Z","title":"LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.11206","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.993181Z","title":"Lima: Less is more for alignment, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":59,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.993181Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.11206","citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:fe718aa8c9a2aa4e3446eff61ad14a527c900576283dfa81c37776bdb40be032","observation_id":"7965574a-c307-49dd-8b79-48adb5f89e96","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.993181Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.998504Z","title":"Designing effective sparse expert models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":60,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.998504Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5a84e0377c833d8b86c25d4d50f271c848ae9c33ba78ce16ec1643a7c4b9c8a8","observation_id":"a78c3424-40d7-477b-821b-c8dc5fc4e345","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:58.998504Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.003584Z","title":"write newline","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":61,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.003584Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2d5f4066c2932392020ecbbd4613eda2b98e3063e5a65e501509d5e5559ad46d","observation_id":"45b2cc57-34f7-44a0-b3fb-598a24f9340a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.003584Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.009351Z","title":"@esa (Ref","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":62,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.009351Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6c9668821dbb88e7045acf56b635944317a96efa3e2b84b2e698be7e0645af9e","observation_id":"5716997c-8434-4459-bb81-0ae98092ab2f","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.009351Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.014681Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":63,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.014681Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f358a0b3df95cdc917e2f92d32aa5ed5a07c5050d403a515191f2e5877de6fde","observation_id":"2148a46e-5f69-4950-82a4-cd8c57b270a6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.014681Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.019906Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM","version":2},"reference_index":64,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.019906Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2502.06635"},"observation_digest":"sha256:64cb8d05f2f99971798aba70bebd7491848e361d905a88d6722008007db67c06","observation_id":"8b53b309-90b9-4e72-86ba-92777916f331","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:50:59.019906Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2502.06635","last_updated":"2025-02-13T07:31:55Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T03:32:09.083141Z","submitted_at":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","title":"Steel-LLM:From Scratch to Open Source -- A Personal Journey in Building a Chinese-Centric LLM"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":62,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":48,"verified_exact":0,"verified_fuzzy":14},"total_outbound_references":62},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 62 of 62 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2502.06635."}