{"as_of":"2026-08-19T10:33:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:9ed9cc0997a39fea3f7bc3a5ed36f52561cbbbcfe0fe4f83810186aeaf839cc1","coverage":[{"denominator":23,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":23,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.866262Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":23,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":23,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":0,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"cited_works","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2506.11047/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2506.11047/integrity","json":"/paper/2506.11047/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"outbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.867139Z","title":"Fairness through awareness","venue":null,"work_id":"31d3b8dd-7f21-4304-8975-ccdb90a50a1f","year":2012},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":1,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.225779Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f35ea192c06d285d9f230896ad74134dd5208efb62cb3d8858d2ee8f96346ade","observation_id":"745a836f-64ac-4835-9107-7439bbf2a05c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.911561Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.787206Z","title":"Equality of opportunity in supervised learning","venue":null,"work_id":"07d06e91-bfdd-4f59-89c6-4fcc0af5b99c","year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":2,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.341465Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7aaa3e45775d7e813324838a8f68473a2579d7a340b580c489530b9b754c20d5","observation_id":"754b694d-5566-4f1d-832b-bc607d172301","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.825617Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.691858Z","title":"Friedler, John Moeller, Carlos Scheidegger, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian","venue":null,"work_id":"3a38c46b-bdf7-43ac-a794-2278e947b75a","year":2015},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":3,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.443930Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:6190c4ac87dfbe214412aef657d044da70dd58cee51e121c340e8c148866ebfa","observation_id":"f8594014-aa0d-4373-b6a2-347c4a98c0ef","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.735069Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.623506Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"163fc661-d9f4-4335-aafd-0eac5fd845f3","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.523639Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7a3bc83b5d74374079515a97f07c1f5056dee72b97834a60d2573c00b03ff15b","observation_id":"911e534d-e244-4490-adc8-65b5dab7adc6","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.653840Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.517798Z","title":"Inherent trade-offs in the fair determination of risk scores","venue":null,"work_id":"bb554f89-a4e2-47f2-b2e6-9fc0e2ceb195","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":5,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.595912Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:1cb3a0f0bfbdbb25c2ff54df1edea2d1d2a3eba368447bbd8992d17903c68b5b","observation_id":"2774e62a-fdcd-4ee0-8212-d16f50460d00","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.573678Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.435079Z","title":"Fairness definitions explained","venue":null,"work_id":"98f7abf4-67aa-4b7f-a0b7-636add15dafb","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":6,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.675908Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:198f0391de8588a9c86a9f71111eb690e3893a38c6ad1dd018951abaccc83c8d","observation_id":"f1821d36-0f1f-4eea-9ff0-845523ea3db0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.473856Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.351419Z","title":"Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments","venue":null,"work_id":"26a72320-ea66-4641-bd33-7d809318af0e","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":7,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.780744Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e032fdecafb93bf0369556bef3de96c30d7c7bf8869a06990d8a4084a230c6d4","observation_id":"4852dc35-1580-4fbe-9aa1-ba3d97a678a1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.390940Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.878792Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2016},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":8,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.878792Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:f52eb82eeb1a02942b3a7242c645fa631820f208c5cf9155560465f12661a578","observation_id":"2f62ec09-dc30-4170-9fce-a795a7661c73","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:25.878792Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1901.10002","last_updated":"2021-12-01T21:37:38Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-14T17:24:36.918059Z","submitted_at":"2019-01-28T21:00:20Z","title":"A Framework for Understanding Sources of Harm throughout the Machine Learning Life Cycle","version":5},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"1901.10002","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.000405Z","title":"A framework for understanding unintended consequences of machine learning","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":1901},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":9,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.000405Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/1901.10002","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a280f0088b83e7d963bcb2e2d4b8fab37e0b1615cfac12df8dea6c561e11da13","observation_id":"83934fcf-303f-43bd-9b8f-921b07351db3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.000405Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.234412Z","title":"A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning","venue":null,"work_id":"94e71eb4-aa6a-461b-8b55-aa8696a1f443","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":10,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.057118Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e72b497487aa90b0587dee60b0a07c88059b6e3af9947fda50287dc3dcbe1288","observation_id":"130b6e1c-f92b-4ca8-9ea9-fbbd0c6b0ae8","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.270267Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.170606Z","title":"Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification","venue":null,"work_id":"a51f7297-ea08-45a6-a785-40907da12132","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":11,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.160437Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:efffd93ba53d98aa0ce31dd7fc984a079ea66395f11f87afd0cefcf7295009c3","observation_id":"e50a9c03-2fd8-44ed-9928-ca15a612271b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.203681Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.079998Z","title":"Improving fairness in machine learning systems: What do industry practitioners need? In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , pages 1–16","venue":null,"work_id":"2cab5e86-b6de-4a77-84d7-eddd57bcaac5","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":12,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.263869Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8206c2b95df5859e82a1c81cd8b41a98f75f7c37f74365ac5ef3c0611bb1f363","observation_id":"bcfac95f-4097-4d26-854d-5b7d05f502fd","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.126605Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.016043Z","title":"Madaio, Luke Stark, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, and Hanna Wallach","venue":null,"work_id":"31951b52-ca92-43db-a801-ae3a07d9b952","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":13,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.319952Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4c3012ef5248acb7d8019c4e8608d5bde95ff0b7b938c036a8faf6e0bb759fc1","observation_id":"cad160a7-85fa-45ae-a4f2-b206239152d9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:28.051628Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.870324Z","title":"Fairness and accountability design needs for algorithmic support in high-stakes public sector decision-making","venue":null,"work_id":"3f3f885c-1a5b-4f95-8f44-0a8eea024fe5","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.380702Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4f202bc8097d00600b5073d243b5a52a99a948f9d18bb55acdb5491b5bee5d57","observation_id":"0e2cb4c3-9891-4999-b0f1-e4f2fa70b2b0","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.931338Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.738916Z","title":"ït’s reducing a human being to a percentage¨: Perceptions of justice in algorithmic decisions","venue":null,"work_id":"fd366b49-4261-42a7-bebe-2014ab5a4730","year":2018},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":15,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.421826Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d75dc3e88ccbc1fe68831096fed5acb92a4d97e55f22802d154106431fdb6087","observation_id":"92271f1d-e65f-428c-91a5-81279ccd0505","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.786115Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.637895Z","title":"Parkes, and Yang Liu","venue":null,"work_id":"155718ca-3e43-495e-ab94-01382213d829","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":16,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.454353Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:2043ac96112b0524b4a2ad7b1c1178865a0feea0cee9273d2b2077817206d60e","observation_id":"25671c74-e032-4a09-9b19-af7269ded4ed","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.693743Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.524294Z","title":"Raji, and Timnit Gebru","venue":null,"work_id":"bae5ac23-c95a-4c80-962b-11484cc79cd7","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":17,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.511562Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:91af953e6a3caa7280bee63373925f6a66f6c1401058a74568bd2765ea7a6968","observation_id":"17fe4cf8-1da3-4b89-bec5-1d28440b2786","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.566491Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.421773Z","title":"Fairvis: Visual analytics for discovering intersectional bias in machine learning","venue":null,"work_id":"18bfb49d-d893-4f26-8ff2-ab0a905a9054","year":2019},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":18,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.608250Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d9ccfd5219e2e138883d980e6c7af256c4a9432c80aaf5eded9bad00f2711ba1","observation_id":"cff4c03b-6975-4792-a181-75824c9e258a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.463169Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.351104Z","title":"Fairsight: Visual analytics for fairness in decision making","venue":null,"work_id":"35da7590-81b1-4b69-9db2-2678d6f30716","year":2020},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":19,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.661499Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:80849e280b9bc986ed18a2c099152a36164406775998a79c753c0dd4800dd475","observation_id":"d29f6029-759b-42b1-9114-3dd92dc639a9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.380598Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.242302Z","title":"recaptcha: Human-based character recognition via web security measures","venue":null,"work_id":"615d3f8d-ca2a-4456-a447-f4c9b8769774","year":2008},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":20,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.694805Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:a9bb51ab7cb3448531082332431d6374dbb5f2890f48500620032a1ba735d488","observation_id":"4c68e342-c619-47c8-a37a-4e47acbd6f87","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.314348Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.145011Z","title":"Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database","venue":null,"work_id":"d60f8cd0-10b2-4125-9fe0-01f087f35ed9","year":2009},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":21,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.738590Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:b92a439f95cc6408ec565c259a3957410c70e447596cabb7023236ee5df393db","observation_id":"8dc93aaa-020c-492a-873c-e257c16ebe91","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.188795Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.057263Z","title":"Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom B","venue":null,"work_id":"88965afb-e49b-4126-9f36-1980c2862c19","year":2017},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":22,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.781399Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:c4475c98f44e945991e871f0a394bf12b270f3f70ddc5a6d953846114279c926","observation_id":"47afc091-24af-41a6-9d75-cc4149ecd794","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.097316Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"verified_fuzzy"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":null,"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":"raw_reference","pith_arxiv_id":null,"snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.971653Z","title":null,"venue":null,"work_id":"5d1f8614-da14-49f9-aac9-5afa0c30e1b1","year":2022},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment","version":1},"reference_index":23,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:26.866262Z"},"links":{"citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11047"},"observation_digest":"sha256:532f873268c3925964d0bbd774dba6b06143c186b204bf1a679b1217547b921b","observation_id":"c4134421-c4f5-42c9-9aaa-9ae97a8d92b3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:15:27.009976Z","resolver_source":"raw_fallback","status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}}],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11047","last_updated":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","latest_version":1,"primary_category":"cs.LG","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-18T19:57:03.737850Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T17:09:18Z","title":"Perception-Driven Bias Detection in Machine Learning via Crowdsourced Visual Judgment"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":23,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":4,"verified_exact":0,"verified_fuzzy":19},"total_outbound_references":23},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-19T06:32:39.956319+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 23 of 23 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.11047."}