{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ","short_pith_number":"pith:2PX7JFGR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2511.06808","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-11-10T07:50:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"89639abcfadbad87a7f1890b9ad9b558883f7159b2f7b1631ba6786c4e72babf","abstract_canon_sha256":"b30265357676ec1e65aaee15338ae9a4cd1b7dd90177eaa66705ac9c949cb659"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d3eff494d1e9b0e658eb6be75d9ca9224669723a31167652fac77cc1b5e9bd6f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2511.06808","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2511.06808","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2511.06808v2","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.06808","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2PX7JFGR5GYO","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHL","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2PX7JFGR","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2511.06808","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-11-10T07:50:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"89639abcfadbad87a7f1890b9ad9b558883f7159b2f7b1631ba6786c4e72babf","abstract_canon_sha256":"b30265357676ec1e65aaee15338ae9a4cd1b7dd90177eaa66705ac9c949cb659"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"d3eff494d1e9b0e658eb6be75d9ca9224669723a31167652fac77cc1b5e9bd6f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18.300274Z","signature_b64":"HXiwsiuN1Gblsh66cBYRLNpfl/oivaT+XbHHr8RSD/1YjK06XkKJQcbfVZ1cjqLqwuVYyyI/sjfQaZYK4B4IAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"d3eff494d1e9b0e658eb6be75d9ca9224669723a31167652fac77cc1b5e9bd6f","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18.299862Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18.299862Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2511.06808","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NqRa/pQb7SDND82UnVTuzPkQbAjV4e/zjSMlSJx1xfERq0Uy/6iRL/Hp11hJ1T0IVmFPSL6Yd59G2JzDA6d7Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-04T09:25:05.651201Z"},"content_sha256":"08312396a469f3448ad885ab445f65d7f5c6fa38dd904bfefbe9f91b3bbe7856","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:08312396a469f3448ad885ab445f65d7f5c6fa38dd904bfefbe9f91b3bbe7856"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Design and Analysis Considerations for Causal Inference under Two-Phase Sampling in Observational Studies","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Kazuharu Harada, Masataka Taguri","submitted_at":"2025-11-10T07:50:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"Two-phase sampling is a simple and cost-effective estimation strategy in survey sampling and is widely used in practice. Because the phase-2 sampling probability typically depends on low-cost variables collected at phase 1, naive estimation based solely on the phase-2 sample generally results in biased inference. This issue arises even when estimating causal parameters such as the average treatment effect (ATE), and there has been growing interest in recent years in the proper estimation of such parameters under complex sampling designs (e.g., Nattino et al., 2025). In this paper, we derive th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2511.06808","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2511.06808/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zkYcsZtdjLs8qTChGFXTDxKa9CPTi89WdPcI8ff5SSFLLncuATOW8IIvabiBe++pZZeBDL3f+244VR3JEzctBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-04T09:25:05.651581Z"},"content_sha256":"ad263f949c23b36c6915513f185a3c2697108643426960b70e6f885805898eee","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ad263f949c23b36c6915513f185a3c2697108643426960b70e6f885805898eee"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-04T09:25:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHLNPTV3HFJEJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b30265357676ec1e65aaee15338ae9a4cd1b7dd90177eaa66705ac9c949cb659","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-11-10T07:50:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"89639abcfadbad87a7f1890b9ad9b558883f7159b2f7b1631ba6786c4e72babf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2511.06808","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2511.06808","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2511.06808v2","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.06808","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"2PX7JFGR5GYO","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"2PX7JFGR5GYOMWHL","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"2PX7JFGR","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ad263f949c23b36c6915513f185a3c2697108643426960b70e6f885805898eee","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2511.06808/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Two-phase sampling is a simple and cost-effective estimation strategy in survey sampling and is widely used in practice. Because the phase-2 sampling probability typically depends on low-cost variables collected at phase 1, naive estimation based solely on the phase-2 sample generally results in biased inference. This issue arises even when estimating causal parameters such as the average treatment effect (ATE), and there has been growing interest in recent years in the proper estimation of such parameters under complex sampling designs (e.g., Nattino et al., 2025). In this paper, we derive th","authors_text":"Kazuharu Harada, Masataka Taguri","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-11-10T07:50:00Z","title":"Design and Analysis Considerations for Causal Inference under Two-Phase Sampling in Observational Studies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2511.06808","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:08312396a469f3448ad885ab445f65d7f5c6fa38dd904bfefbe9f91b3bbe7856","target":"record","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b30265357676ec1e65aaee15338ae9a4cd1b7dd90177eaa66705ac9c949cb659","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2025-11-10T07:50:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"89639abcfadbad87a7f1890b9ad9b558883f7159b2f7b1631ba6786c4e72babf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2511.06808","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"d3eff494d1e9b0e658eb6be75d9ca9224669723a31167652fac77cc1b5e9bd6f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"d3eff494d1e9b0e658eb6be75d9ca9224669723a31167652fac77cc1b5e9bd6f","first_computed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18.299862Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18.299862Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"HXiwsiuN1Gblsh66cBYRLNpfl/oivaT+XbHHr8RSD/1YjK06XkKJQcbfVZ1cjqLqwuVYyyI/sjfQaZYK4B4IAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:18.300274Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2511.06808","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:08312396a469f3448ad885ab445f65d7f5c6fa38dd904bfefbe9f91b3bbe7856","sha256:ad263f949c23b36c6915513f185a3c2697108643426960b70e6f885805898eee"],"state_sha256":"5ca4ace7bffd716078dfc12620cd0a9e2c2b8e90ddb4e28d1dc00aa3313d8a1b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EZEK5L1yyqAbnEps08yxfV/LzKTWcNkahfDq1gFuytpZOWU2FnXaA1liFvqIirM0Hu7aiGMm6h8El5z+oPfMAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-04T09:25:05.653571Z","bundle_sha256":"5d083805a1fbe64247b21fef66d36526a3b6a949c09f9f842924220f84b5f284"}}