{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI","short_pith_number":"pith:324M5ZZY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1405.2376","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2014-05-10T01:51:45Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"5c99790836a7d9e6ac39ca2e87d5c5f599c84cf37c59295cd1b47708efb9a950","abstract_canon_sha256":"c477627640fd17ad1ab2cc0b243055bdceafaee9a0af1a39181cc0f6b88ca7ed"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"deb8cee738765adc6d883a033e66d6c22ff1d12ce0a933a39bda26bebbfb9d6d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1405.2376","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1405.2376","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1405.2376v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1405.2376","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"324M5ZZYOZNN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"324M5ZZYOZNNY3MI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"324M5ZZY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:11Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1405.2376","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2014-05-10T01:51:45Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"5c99790836a7d9e6ac39ca2e87d5c5f599c84cf37c59295cd1b47708efb9a950","abstract_canon_sha256":"c477627640fd17ad1ab2cc0b243055bdceafaee9a0af1a39181cc0f6b88ca7ed"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"deb8cee738765adc6d883a033e66d6c22ff1d12ce0a933a39bda26bebbfb9d6d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05.663140Z","signature_b64":"Kv/0qVFznVpkb5aprqMAgzZoYe7zPgybRcl/AS+Qib/1drxoLNnd/Nq8KW/Fy/fCtusVHuuWxu9JSOZ27VBlCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"deb8cee738765adc6d883a033e66d6c22ff1d12ce0a933a39bda26bebbfb9d6d","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05.662531Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05.662531Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1405.2376","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"O00YudvmDnfcEF1yF+eR804UmHL4U2EWi1vU6A/sJvbXq/FQj3q/+suKyYmYahUTFG39FbJIyPx+xDQXev0EAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-28T18:29:17.008566Z"},"content_sha256":"18e56f158bcaa442ff506fc3aaf255f2a8bdc3b2a0b9102173933fdd5d057d9a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:18e56f158bcaa442ff506fc3aaf255f2a8bdc3b2a0b9102173933fdd5d057d9a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Methodology for Information Flow Experiments","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Amit Datta, Anupam Datta, Jeannette M. Wing, Michael Carl Tschantz","submitted_at":"2014-05-10T01:51:45Z","abstract_excerpt":"Information flow analysis has largely ignored the setting where the analyst has neither control over nor a complete model of the analyzed system. We formalize such limited information flow analyses and study an instance of it: detecting the usage of data by websites. We prove that these problems are ones of causal inference. Leveraging this connection, we push beyond traditional information flow analysis to provide a systematic methodology based on experimental science and statistical analysis. Our methodology allows us to systematize prior works in the area viewing them as instances of a gene"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1405.2376","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9X5Ah5YJBM9uLwZP53eTaU2ovDTEwgRVdBR4eVwJE7mswoOo/gTI8QeznARMcluueZxKg0JEp3RXMtOmqELgBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-28T18:29:17.008916Z"},"content_sha256":"ec6e4472295578ece4dc57a6b6da5f9be913c3c006f79b0019b63afd434aee35","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ec6e4472295578ece4dc57a6b6da5f9be913c3c006f79b0019b63afd434aee35"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-28T18:29:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:324M5ZZYOZNNY3MIHIBT4ZWWYI","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c477627640fd17ad1ab2cc0b243055bdceafaee9a0af1a39181cc0f6b88ca7ed","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2014-05-10T01:51:45Z","title_canon_sha256":"5c99790836a7d9e6ac39ca2e87d5c5f599c84cf37c59295cd1b47708efb9a950"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1405.2376","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1405.2376","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1405.2376v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1405.2376","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"324M5ZZYOZNN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"324M5ZZYOZNNY3MI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"324M5ZZY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:11Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ec6e4472295578ece4dc57a6b6da5f9be913c3c006f79b0019b63afd434aee35","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Information flow analysis has largely ignored the setting where the analyst has neither control over nor a complete model of the analyzed system. We formalize such limited information flow analyses and study an instance of it: detecting the usage of data by websites. We prove that these problems are ones of causal inference. Leveraging this connection, we push beyond traditional information flow analysis to provide a systematic methodology based on experimental science and statistical analysis. Our methodology allows us to systematize prior works in the area viewing them as instances of a gene","authors_text":"Amit Datta, Anupam Datta, Jeannette M. Wing, Michael Carl Tschantz","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2014-05-10T01:51:45Z","title":"A Methodology for Information Flow Experiments"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1405.2376","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:18e56f158bcaa442ff506fc3aaf255f2a8bdc3b2a0b9102173933fdd5d057d9a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c477627640fd17ad1ab2cc0b243055bdceafaee9a0af1a39181cc0f6b88ca7ed","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2014-05-10T01:51:45Z","title_canon_sha256":"5c99790836a7d9e6ac39ca2e87d5c5f599c84cf37c59295cd1b47708efb9a950"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1405.2376","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"deb8cee738765adc6d883a033e66d6c22ff1d12ce0a933a39bda26bebbfb9d6d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"deb8cee738765adc6d883a033e66d6c22ff1d12ce0a933a39bda26bebbfb9d6d","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05.662531Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05.662531Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Kv/0qVFznVpkb5aprqMAgzZoYe7zPgybRcl/AS+Qib/1drxoLNnd/Nq8KW/Fy/fCtusVHuuWxu9JSOZ27VBlCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:05.663140Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1405.2376","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:18e56f158bcaa442ff506fc3aaf255f2a8bdc3b2a0b9102173933fdd5d057d9a","sha256:ec6e4472295578ece4dc57a6b6da5f9be913c3c006f79b0019b63afd434aee35"],"state_sha256":"d22b63b894e249debffdc81d4f7cbe939f2b12b9ade8245e308ab6bb222fb83c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PJm2PN5cbdCaSfSFZ8dlRU0iq776flu3DgfKDmS9GSQiGGe3qLM8vqr7+qIYxrL9wt+D6hztANRAAe/mn1CGDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-28T18:29:17.010804Z","bundle_sha256":"38396537abd5f0a69e55987951a91f050960283c8cba1b3a4d1df31e03dddabb"}}