{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2010:4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6","short_pith_number":"pith:4BOURQK7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1009.2021","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2010-09-10T14:35:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"d20a2d6e0b19f4007ef08bd87919b015d6290bf6fd78eef70209e2e98286788e","abstract_canon_sha256":"80c549989c88438b43b80c7a7a6a5a0c7a78d92fde66d1f944226205ee6c185f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e05d48c15f239dc6bae95be83fd9f6879ddd94326d0724684c11cef2303b3439","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1009.2021","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1009.2021","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1009.2021v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1009.2021","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4BOURQK7EOO4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4BOURQK7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2010:4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1009.2021","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2010-09-10T14:35:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"d20a2d6e0b19f4007ef08bd87919b015d6290bf6fd78eef70209e2e98286788e","abstract_canon_sha256":"80c549989c88438b43b80c7a7a6a5a0c7a78d92fde66d1f944226205ee6c185f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e05d48c15f239dc6bae95be83fd9f6879ddd94326d0724684c11cef2303b3439","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00.761688Z","signature_b64":"Mx2YgHNz2uT0KjaE63Qqy5tmH/7sJEGIhANCwv47ED8tGxOmsL5ucYTqb+B9rCCNfh2QzwVYDQD9pluOQCRrBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e05d48c15f239dc6bae95be83fd9f6879ddd94326d0724684c11cef2303b3439","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00.761115Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00.761115Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1009.2021","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"t9mXdF3IVaIMRNuVML4GROW2qqbWR0MoEV2/V6bSv1kJqQOQMtMoiktx/1JncNCmqQOGniqYPhOe021ZLxkJCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-05T18:18:33.912464Z"},"content_sha256":"c341717b65f1df9eca1bb1d14eb65f63c62dfb41e9e8eb405f1fa79c708123d9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c341717b65f1df9eca1bb1d14eb65f63c62dfb41e9e8eb405f1fa79c708123d9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2010:4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Complexity of Causality and Responsibility for Query Answers and non-Answers","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.DB","authors_text":"Alexandra Meliou, Dan Suciu, Katherine F. Moore, Wolfgang Gatterbauer","submitted_at":"2010-09-10T14:35:30Z","abstract_excerpt":"An answer to a query has a well-defined lineage expression (alternatively called how-provenance) that explains how the answer was derived. Recent work has also shown how to compute the lineage of a non-answer to a query. However, the cause of an answer or non-answer is a more subtle notion and consists, in general, of only a fragment of the lineage. In this paper, we adapt Halpern, Pearl, and Chockler's recent definitions of causality and responsibility to define the causes of answers and non-answers to queries, and their degree of responsibility. Responsibility captures the notion of degree o"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1009.2021","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vCm4wi8OCpmnUhhKT4UMT4hmUuIlFeHbEdGg5rEebOYPAyaVWYjymWShXz7EhBpy2aHgwIwtAygM/+fiM24dCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-05T18:18:33.913113Z"},"content_sha256":"faf558d4c31b3e9e39a805734d7eba41db1b087d4507113b32b31759e92dad3c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:faf558d4c31b3e9e39a805734d7eba41db1b087d4507113b32b31759e92dad3c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-05T18:18:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2010:4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJLPUD7WPWQ6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"80c549989c88438b43b80c7a7a6a5a0c7a78d92fde66d1f944226205ee6c185f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2010-09-10T14:35:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"d20a2d6e0b19f4007ef08bd87919b015d6290bf6fd78eef70209e2e98286788e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1009.2021","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1009.2021","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1009.2021v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1009.2021","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4BOURQK7EOO4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4BOURQK7EOO4NOXJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4BOURQK7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:faf558d4c31b3e9e39a805734d7eba41db1b087d4507113b32b31759e92dad3c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"An answer to a query has a well-defined lineage expression (alternatively called how-provenance) that explains how the answer was derived. Recent work has also shown how to compute the lineage of a non-answer to a query. However, the cause of an answer or non-answer is a more subtle notion and consists, in general, of only a fragment of the lineage. In this paper, we adapt Halpern, Pearl, and Chockler's recent definitions of causality and responsibility to define the causes of answers and non-answers to queries, and their degree of responsibility. Responsibility captures the notion of degree o","authors_text":"Alexandra Meliou, Dan Suciu, Katherine F. Moore, Wolfgang Gatterbauer","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2010-09-10T14:35:30Z","title":"The Complexity of Causality and Responsibility for Query Answers and non-Answers"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1009.2021","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c341717b65f1df9eca1bb1d14eb65f63c62dfb41e9e8eb405f1fa79c708123d9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"80c549989c88438b43b80c7a7a6a5a0c7a78d92fde66d1f944226205ee6c185f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2010-09-10T14:35:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"d20a2d6e0b19f4007ef08bd87919b015d6290bf6fd78eef70209e2e98286788e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1009.2021","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"e05d48c15f239dc6bae95be83fd9f6879ddd94326d0724684c11cef2303b3439","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e05d48c15f239dc6bae95be83fd9f6879ddd94326d0724684c11cef2303b3439","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00.761115Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00.761115Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Mx2YgHNz2uT0KjaE63Qqy5tmH/7sJEGIhANCwv47ED8tGxOmsL5ucYTqb+B9rCCNfh2QzwVYDQD9pluOQCRrBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:12:00.761688Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1009.2021","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c341717b65f1df9eca1bb1d14eb65f63c62dfb41e9e8eb405f1fa79c708123d9","sha256:faf558d4c31b3e9e39a805734d7eba41db1b087d4507113b32b31759e92dad3c"],"state_sha256":"2cdd182da6b442ad053cc9a89946fc35258c9aedc6620c9c6b8340167850f60f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bJWhV2bFOQ8qtrQMxt57YoMk9lGCIhvsXNepuyJnS2ejkzEDG1payZRO+UdUeRwwVRwTJNHAHLWtQW0nol/kBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-05T18:18:33.916185Z","bundle_sha256":"a90517078171833a186b647bc06b7faba768648a1c63575744c1d77e3478a312"}}