{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX","short_pith_number":"pith:4IHUFDEB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2101.03288","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-09T04:51:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"00059a796ece1bf4833a8a0f3359f51bd1c7a746ba5ff5f0ebeedd65bb4831da","abstract_canon_sha256":"fef46275d822c35ac0f934e4eb17f688e584ed8536b029bd147da2c9c0409064"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e20f428c810a04cefbc494438c14e01dd5e4d2fa4fab425fea7692b8da1654f0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2101.03288","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2101.03288","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2101.03288v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2101.03288","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4IHUFDEBBICM","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4IHUFDEBBICM566E","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4IHUFDEB","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2101.03288","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-09T04:51:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"00059a796ece1bf4833a8a0f3359f51bd1c7a746ba5ff5f0ebeedd65bb4831da","abstract_canon_sha256":"fef46275d822c35ac0f934e4eb17f688e584ed8536b029bd147da2c9c0409064"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e20f428c810a04cefbc494438c14e01dd5e4d2fa4fab425fea7692b8da1654f0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17.208053Z","signature_b64":"uAyvPfrwMk7XFblyRhaNxDDfsBgfGDCz5twM16dBOqGoLXFvkerVg1Z47RT/2DmPccDSiJ4Rsp4n55SbidUlDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e20f428c810a04cefbc494438c14e01dd5e4d2fa4fab425fea7692b8da1654f0","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17.207614Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17.207614Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2101.03288","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xDDxyWZpsq+GyIdYH3200KTONcl/4cnwzDWxOCDl9rTIBdggZ8YaxN4FSNwdp5+ncs4wFbJ2yJ2Kfjz3PerXCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T07:12:37.893414Z"},"content_sha256":"df1ceec508ebf89caf0a012744c5c5f33e3a15d727fff7d9a13fe05333ad4dd9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:df1ceec508ebf89caf0a012744c5c5f33e3a15d727fff7d9a13fe05333ad4dd9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"How to Train Your Energy-Based Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Diederik P. Kingma, Yang Song","submitted_at":"2021-01-09T04:51:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"Energy-Based Models (EBMs), also known as non-normalized probabilistic models, specify probability density or mass functions up to an unknown normalizing constant. Unlike most other probabilistic models, EBMs do not place a restriction on the tractability of the normalizing constant, thus are more flexible to parameterize and can model a more expressive family of probability distributions. However, the unknown normalizing constant of EBMs makes training particularly difficult. Our goal is to provide a friendly introduction to modern approaches for EBM training. We start by explaining maximum l"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2101.03288","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2101.03288/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8sW08MOYN8Hji5sVV1eZQ97cz44bJmi7sYXJqVHr+LYe8nMtxk+WWNHl75kW8sfx9OgZ7VCYzv44BtBISuMQDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T07:12:37.893788Z"},"content_sha256":"dcf5e8444da0e75f2bd63bf583252077b41ee65ad7d2cb57028c2e2d4fb35264","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dcf5e8444da0e75f2bd63bf583252077b41ee65ad7d2cb57028c2e2d4fb35264"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-22T07:12:37Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:4IHUFDEBBICM566ESRBYYFHADX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fef46275d822c35ac0f934e4eb17f688e584ed8536b029bd147da2c9c0409064","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-09T04:51:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"00059a796ece1bf4833a8a0f3359f51bd1c7a746ba5ff5f0ebeedd65bb4831da"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2101.03288","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2101.03288","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2101.03288v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2101.03288","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4IHUFDEBBICM","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4IHUFDEBBICM566E","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4IHUFDEB","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:dcf5e8444da0e75f2bd63bf583252077b41ee65ad7d2cb57028c2e2d4fb35264","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2101.03288/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Energy-Based Models (EBMs), also known as non-normalized probabilistic models, specify probability density or mass functions up to an unknown normalizing constant. Unlike most other probabilistic models, EBMs do not place a restriction on the tractability of the normalizing constant, thus are more flexible to parameterize and can model a more expressive family of probability distributions. However, the unknown normalizing constant of EBMs makes training particularly difficult. Our goal is to provide a friendly introduction to modern approaches for EBM training. We start by explaining maximum l","authors_text":"Diederik P. Kingma, Yang Song","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-09T04:51:31Z","title":"How to Train Your Energy-Based Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2101.03288","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:df1ceec508ebf89caf0a012744c5c5f33e3a15d727fff7d9a13fe05333ad4dd9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fef46275d822c35ac0f934e4eb17f688e584ed8536b029bd147da2c9c0409064","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-01-09T04:51:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"00059a796ece1bf4833a8a0f3359f51bd1c7a746ba5ff5f0ebeedd65bb4831da"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2101.03288","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"e20f428c810a04cefbc494438c14e01dd5e4d2fa4fab425fea7692b8da1654f0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e20f428c810a04cefbc494438c14e01dd5e4d2fa4fab425fea7692b8da1654f0","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17.207614Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17.207614Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"uAyvPfrwMk7XFblyRhaNxDDfsBgfGDCz5twM16dBOqGoLXFvkerVg1Z47RT/2DmPccDSiJ4Rsp4n55SbidUlDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:16:17.208053Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2101.03288","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:df1ceec508ebf89caf0a012744c5c5f33e3a15d727fff7d9a13fe05333ad4dd9","sha256:dcf5e8444da0e75f2bd63bf583252077b41ee65ad7d2cb57028c2e2d4fb35264"],"state_sha256":"de14e301c1d08489cfc9fd2834e347bc63efd2a78b7f3056584b4ba3518a1737"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"O7GhPphg+HorEjZdOpOxBeE5OJeoEHBBnj3Ku+7SJSHJhpE+z1QVDwknl2V7wgN705CVDpJVBBG66hfWTwTtDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T07:12:37.896802Z","bundle_sha256":"dc65b3237102f04db465c1f9f6bffbe6ead20791db0f982dd2b1519ad15714f1"}}