{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM","short_pith_number":"pith:54LW2NNR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1911.00025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-10-31T18:04:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"9bc2c91c04c9f34a7752e26167ca9fbcf5f60c87219872b7bb5c8389d1b65b46","abstract_canon_sha256":"6024a2b32a3b94445fa9b8a4bda956da73a7b86884c85365ba549156e0a6915a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ef176d35b1e8ce197bec92960ebb623b1a6ea20dfeb0f26d658943704525d02f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1911.00025","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1911.00025","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1911.00025v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1911.00025","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"54LW2NNR5DHB","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"54LW2NNR5DHBS67M","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"54LW2NNR","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1911.00025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-10-31T18:04:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"9bc2c91c04c9f34a7752e26167ca9fbcf5f60c87219872b7bb5c8389d1b65b46","abstract_canon_sha256":"6024a2b32a3b94445fa9b8a4bda956da73a7b86884c85365ba549156e0a6915a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ef176d35b1e8ce197bec92960ebb623b1a6ea20dfeb0f26d658943704525d02f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22.501636Z","signature_b64":"bgmmeo7qa4hypt8nprauDTas5Xt5H7S/kj7RaFVxnF7B7kJvr7DYVRA3w6WWOz4sFi5NDEbvBZNwlqOiO9T3DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ef176d35b1e8ce197bec92960ebb623b1a6ea20dfeb0f26d658943704525d02f","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22.501285Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22.501285Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1911.00025","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"X1w+19HMbdwDcp+eourqVqxmv4EYv+Vu723tj7qbq16a2xenVA56oClQkfb+jzWtykqtezUrdxTuMAojD2L4Ag==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T15:53:17.352067Z"},"content_sha256":"e87f9f22f7cecae13b27bd3bc71229bbb992bb4a878ef9fe7f36508fca32a0aa","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e87f9f22f7cecae13b27bd3bc71229bbb992bb4a878ef9fe7f36508fca32a0aa"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"PIC: Permutation Invariant Critic for Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Alexander G. Schwing, Iou-Jen Liu, Raymond A. Yeh","submitted_at":"2019-10-31T18:04:42Z","abstract_excerpt":"Sample efficiency and scalability to a large number of agents are two important goals for multi-agent reinforcement learning systems. Recent works got us closer to those goals, addressing non-stationarity of the environment from a single agent's perspective by utilizing a deep net critic which depends on all observations and actions. The critic input concatenates agent observations and actions in a user-specified order. However, since deep nets aren't permutation invariant, a permuted input changes the critic output despite the environment remaining identical. To avoid this inefficiency, we pr"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1911.00025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1911.00025/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"75nt3OODR1SAr734cwJFrDayVJxwLqAcZo++EbR0AwJq0widQHzcXalyHhiTHyJS+K9GQDSfOTO+e+oxFF89DQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T15:53:17.353121Z"},"content_sha256":"05e030312ecc58e97193873f22578b333eaac16305c27fea011924bd286ee94e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:05e030312ecc58e97193873f22578b333eaac16305c27fea011924bd286ee94e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T15:53:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:54LW2NNR5DHBS67MSKLA5O3CHM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6024a2b32a3b94445fa9b8a4bda956da73a7b86884c85365ba549156e0a6915a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-10-31T18:04:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"9bc2c91c04c9f34a7752e26167ca9fbcf5f60c87219872b7bb5c8389d1b65b46"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1911.00025","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1911.00025","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1911.00025v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1911.00025","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"54LW2NNR5DHB","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"54LW2NNR5DHBS67M","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"54LW2NNR","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:05e030312ecc58e97193873f22578b333eaac16305c27fea011924bd286ee94e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1911.00025/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Sample efficiency and scalability to a large number of agents are two important goals for multi-agent reinforcement learning systems. Recent works got us closer to those goals, addressing non-stationarity of the environment from a single agent's perspective by utilizing a deep net critic which depends on all observations and actions. The critic input concatenates agent observations and actions in a user-specified order. However, since deep nets aren't permutation invariant, a permuted input changes the critic output despite the environment remaining identical. To avoid this inefficiency, we pr","authors_text":"Alexander G. Schwing, Iou-Jen Liu, Raymond A. Yeh","cross_cats":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-10-31T18:04:42Z","title":"PIC: Permutation Invariant Critic for Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1911.00025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e87f9f22f7cecae13b27bd3bc71229bbb992bb4a878ef9fe7f36508fca32a0aa","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6024a2b32a3b94445fa9b8a4bda956da73a7b86884c85365ba549156e0a6915a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-10-31T18:04:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"9bc2c91c04c9f34a7752e26167ca9fbcf5f60c87219872b7bb5c8389d1b65b46"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1911.00025","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"ef176d35b1e8ce197bec92960ebb623b1a6ea20dfeb0f26d658943704525d02f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ef176d35b1e8ce197bec92960ebb623b1a6ea20dfeb0f26d658943704525d02f","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22.501285Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22.501285Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"bgmmeo7qa4hypt8nprauDTas5Xt5H7S/kj7RaFVxnF7B7kJvr7DYVRA3w6WWOz4sFi5NDEbvBZNwlqOiO9T3DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:16:22.501636Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1911.00025","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e87f9f22f7cecae13b27bd3bc71229bbb992bb4a878ef9fe7f36508fca32a0aa","sha256:05e030312ecc58e97193873f22578b333eaac16305c27fea011924bd286ee94e"],"state_sha256":"f7bc1d8b7e4bf61ed13fb930171902b8bd9712fac7c87bd756ccd118181c910a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9ZD+yUShjgUf995KUE/1yGHw16cFMl7Y6H56xmTZ9eus7VXlhOAASQZhIA6kQCvBge5kp7CWGtWN3ZKc3PIFDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T15:53:17.360289Z","bundle_sha256":"be4d2b1cb21c40731226864e05cc355606d3ea9ce74617b9a42cbb0b9837c8c8"}}