{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8bcdabadce823a598cb984122e33da144a6ea3666ff66ca03c62dc6e028a8eb8","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-19T20:04:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"39a044ab36255bbac57ed5956f6ff207859aa4227c9c6d278363a5023a5bdb08"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.07358","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.07358","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.07358v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.07358","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5EZH3GMDQPA2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5EZH3GMD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7a0ded5275a055bb21b271a65bb6cea06b475787789088b141e36a5b885094f1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Frequency upconversion of an electromagnetic wave can occur in ionized plasma with decreasing electric permittivity and in split-ring resonator-structure metamaterials with decreasing magnetic permeability. We develop a general theory to describe the evolution of the wave frequency, amplitude, and energy density in homogeneous media with a temporally decreasing refractive index. We find that upconversion of the wave frequency is necessarily accompanied by partitioning of the wave energy into low-frequency modes, which sets an upper limit on the energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency limi","authors_text":"Kenan Qu, Matthew R. Edwards, Nathaniel J. Fisch, Qing Jia","cross_cats":["physics.optics"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-19T20:04:28Z","title":"Theory of electromagnetic wave frequency upconversion in dynamic media"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.07358","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:00154b6950ad057caa327b0f8b9b3cfc997564c9aaf238cc1938349f272ac4a6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8bcdabadce823a598cb984122e33da144a6ea3666ff66ca03c62dc6e028a8eb8","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-19T20:04:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"39a044ab36255bbac57ed5956f6ff207859aa4227c9c6d278363a5023a5bdb08"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.07358","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"e9327d998383c1a1e001f77b41e732a5e82ae689456f696790e2cadd54b2d7f5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e9327d998383c1a1e001f77b41e732a5e82ae689456f696790e2cadd54b2d7f5","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796342Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796342Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"BmtZhXEN+He+IF0dpEzs9j98BDIa5ZJ2+Vzb1Fn5KBplHQT3He4pmfcfu1phFpoYeTKQjxVjUXPpdU6hUUpwDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796968Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1804.07358","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:00154b6950ad057caa327b0f8b9b3cfc997564c9aaf238cc1938349f272ac4a6","sha256:7a0ded5275a055bb21b271a65bb6cea06b475787789088b141e36a5b885094f1"],"state_sha256":"6847eb686f257fe9d88080ca3db386e2451e1bd6d573dbaecc4a2c276e2c801a"}