{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2018:5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB","short_pith_number":"pith:5SU2FMVX","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"eca9a2b2b7acca96603d97d8cc5b16004276427650fa5e02a875037b8dc2c99e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.07940","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Viewing Simpson's Paradox","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.OT","authors_text":"Priyantha Wijayatunga","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T10:36:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"Well known Simpson's paradox is puzzling and surprising for many, especially for the empirical researchers and users of statistics. However there is no surprise as far as mathematical details are concerned. A lot more is written about the paradox but most of them are beyond the grasp of such users. This short article is about explaining the phenomenon in an easy way to grasp using simple algebra and geometry. The mathematical conditions under which the paradox can occur are made explicit and a simple geometrical illustrations is used to describe it. We consider the reversal of the association "},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.07940","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.OT","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T10:36:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"7239363d6b23ebe2210de74dcce679ba354bab34ffa92d04a9390097dca87b80","abstract_canon_sha256":"b395a69b08b091c4b1c5fc68a078c9d41e6dc89eb83a52e1acea612e689a96ef"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.105294Z","signature_b64":"YFIf2rtdFhqOEVYiP9ahjyzs5COvqTCULTcytgez66YsYjhRNSj6EPE04R8UrEdD+8LiSljxQGLEG6OO3655Bg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"eca9a2b2b7acca96603d97d8cc5b16004276427650fa5e02a875037b8dc2c99e","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.104770Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.104770Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Viewing Simpson's Paradox","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.OT","authors_text":"Priyantha Wijayatunga","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T10:36:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"Well known Simpson's paradox is puzzling and surprising for many, especially for the empirical researchers and users of statistics. However there is no surprise as far as mathematical details are concerned. A lot more is written about the paradox but most of them are beyond the grasp of such users. This short article is about explaining the phenomenon in an easy way to grasp using simple algebra and geometry. The mathematical conditions under which the paradox can occur are made explicit and a simple geometrical illustrations is used to describe it. We consider the reversal of the association "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.07940","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.07940","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.104862+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.07940v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.104862+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.07940","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.104862+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5SU2FMVXVTFJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08.215937+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08.215937+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5SU2FMVX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08.215937+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB","json":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/5SU2FMVX"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/5SU2FMVX","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1804.07940&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/5SU2FMVXVTFJMYB5S7MMYWYWAB/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.104862+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:50.104862+00:00"}