{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2026:7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE","short_pith_number":"pith:7XFA4PVV","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"fdca0e3eb52b45cc043e5e61e88590112d0d8fb105387a359debeb7e7d9c33b9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.28930","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Too many protoclusters? Reconciling the overabundance of cluster progenitors within the first billion years of the Universe","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Callum Witten, Chamilla Terp, Emma Giovinazzo, Jake S. Bennett, Jakob M. Helton, Kasper E. Heintz, Pascal A. Oesch, Romain A. Meyer, Seunghwan Lim, Thomas Herard-Demanche, William McClymont","submitted_at":"2026-05-27T18:00:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"JWST has revealed an overabundance of apparent (`Coma'-like) cluster progenitors at $z>5$ that is $\\sim$ two (300) times in excess of, and in $2.3\\sigma$ ($4\\sigma$) tension with, the number density of such objects at present day and theoretical predictions from $\\Lambda$CDM. We present an analysis of protocluster candidates between $5<z<9$ from the literature, and in the TNG-Cluster and TNG300 simulations, aimed at resolving this tension. We first identify an inconsistency in how protocluster candidates are characterised: observational halo masses are estimated by summing the stellar mass ove"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.28930","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2026-05-27T18:00:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"5a32eb0ca5da151f36c7aa6cbcf4cf7b518794f8eb081aedae02592ce5f8131f","abstract_canon_sha256":"f79f1c5d09ca2de2368fe2ad9a0073a4147733fa9e593576a71e96e9165f07ee"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965769Z","signature_b64":"qe/K7kfwYr3FMZjecgcTkScRalL2WmSJzpd80qbuWzn1QtcfYrz2oqC6gnATJ4oEde/C4nQJFrJvz+bt/VuoBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fdca0e3eb52b45cc043e5e61e88590112d0d8fb105387a359debeb7e7d9c33b9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.964914Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.964914Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Too many protoclusters? Reconciling the overabundance of cluster progenitors within the first billion years of the Universe","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Callum Witten, Chamilla Terp, Emma Giovinazzo, Jake S. Bennett, Jakob M. Helton, Kasper E. Heintz, Pascal A. Oesch, Romain A. Meyer, Seunghwan Lim, Thomas Herard-Demanche, William McClymont","submitted_at":"2026-05-27T18:00:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"JWST has revealed an overabundance of apparent (`Coma'-like) cluster progenitors at $z>5$ that is $\\sim$ two (300) times in excess of, and in $2.3\\sigma$ ($4\\sigma$) tension with, the number density of such objects at present day and theoretical predictions from $\\Lambda$CDM. We present an analysis of protocluster candidates between $5<z<9$ from the literature, and in the TNG-Cluster and TNG300 simulations, aimed at resolving this tension. We first identify an inconsistency in how protocluster candidates are characterised: observational halo masses are estimated by summing the stellar mass ove"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.28930","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.28930/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.28930","created_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.28930v1","created_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.28930","created_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7XFA4PVVFNC4","created_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6","created_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7XFA4PVV","created_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":1,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.19463","citing_title":"On the later evolution of observationally selected protocluster candidates at $z\\,{\\gtrsim}\\,5$","ref_index":1,"is_internal_anchor":true}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE","json":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/7XFA4PVV"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/7XFA4PVV","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2605.28930&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/7XFA4PVVFNC4YBB6LZQ6RBMQCE/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-29T00:04:16.965019+00:00"}