{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP","short_pith_number":"pith:AMFRZ22Z","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1606.07475","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-06-23T21:00:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a16a4fa62cc4cece9399e67ddb8264a081991433474d796b98d31c7e94a6080d","abstract_canon_sha256":"0a80d81aa1d48734246e8e3d4ba2a0e0b7160a7c444b23549be03389ad4e485d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"030b1ceb594d0ac2aefd7d01d44e7bc3d30d3e0cf1d52e29eb8b7546cdc6e0da","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1606.07475","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1606.07475","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1606.07475v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1606.07475","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AMFRZ22ZJUFM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AMFRZ22Z","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1606.07475","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-06-23T21:00:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a16a4fa62cc4cece9399e67ddb8264a081991433474d796b98d31c7e94a6080d","abstract_canon_sha256":"0a80d81aa1d48734246e8e3d4ba2a0e0b7160a7c444b23549be03389ad4e485d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"030b1ceb594d0ac2aefd7d01d44e7bc3d30d3e0cf1d52e29eb8b7546cdc6e0da","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11.702648Z","signature_b64":"mlBFXH6jqj9WvTCPSb1ggykwhHul1cHLG686EsTg3+DGWrJ9xpxRu61jYuwp4LXhDKnMaa5uA0g0EUEDdgw7DA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"030b1ceb594d0ac2aefd7d01d44e7bc3d30d3e0cf1d52e29eb8b7546cdc6e0da","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11.702078Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11.702078Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1606.07475","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PDlpztCTay91i5pTtOCArlOuMssC6gZjR8Z09cozbdW4SGn99EhADwKTquiR0NReWwju/mPo7e8Ol/GbUMySBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-26T23:35:53.639230Z"},"content_sha256":"b145a9a2ecf2a6cea8093ac4a0ec641971f9c162809343723160b13c7998faec","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b145a9a2ecf2a6cea8093ac4a0ec641971f9c162809343723160b13c7998faec"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Beam loading in the bubble regime in plasmas with hollow channels","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","authors_text":"A. A. Golovanov, A. Pukhov, I. Yu. Kostyukov, J. Thomas","submitted_at":"2016-06-23T21:00:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Based on the already existing analytical theory of the strongly-nonlinear wakefield (which is called \"bubble\") in transversely inhomogeneous plasmas, we study particular behavior of non-loaded (empty) bubbles and bubbles with accelerated bunches. We obtain an analytical expression for the shape of a non-loaded bubble in a general case and verify it with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. We derive a method of calculation of the acceleration efficiency for arbitrary accelerated bunches. The influence of flat-top electron bunches on the shape of a bubble is studied. It is also shown that it is "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1606.07475","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fJW8sdacU8IlNsDgTkqh18MpkFA2QVFvb5Ipe6VoZmJGWzG+0WsHhe9O7v3gmtdTnQYLqMpWh6HxBJFhdDZzBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-26T23:35:53.639587Z"},"content_sha256":"03fab5b5ba9103a68fd72dd0dfa85a9cce323d162f910b1b62e6432d0b0e64ae","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:03fab5b5ba9103a68fd72dd0dfa85a9cce323d162f910b1b62e6432d0b0e64ae"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-26T23:35:53Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5PUA5ITT3YP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0a80d81aa1d48734246e8e3d4ba2a0e0b7160a7c444b23549be03389ad4e485d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-06-23T21:00:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"a16a4fa62cc4cece9399e67ddb8264a081991433474d796b98d31c7e94a6080d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1606.07475","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1606.07475","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1606.07475v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1606.07475","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AMFRZ22ZJUFM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AMFRZ22ZJUFMFLX5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AMFRZ22Z","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:03fab5b5ba9103a68fd72dd0dfa85a9cce323d162f910b1b62e6432d0b0e64ae","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Based on the already existing analytical theory of the strongly-nonlinear wakefield (which is called \"bubble\") in transversely inhomogeneous plasmas, we study particular behavior of non-loaded (empty) bubbles and bubbles with accelerated bunches. We obtain an analytical expression for the shape of a non-loaded bubble in a general case and verify it with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. We derive a method of calculation of the acceleration efficiency for arbitrary accelerated bunches. The influence of flat-top electron bunches on the shape of a bubble is studied. It is also shown that it is ","authors_text":"A. A. Golovanov, A. Pukhov, I. Yu. Kostyukov, J. Thomas","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-06-23T21:00:18Z","title":"Beam loading in the bubble regime in plasmas with hollow channels"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1606.07475","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b145a9a2ecf2a6cea8093ac4a0ec641971f9c162809343723160b13c7998faec","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0a80d81aa1d48734246e8e3d4ba2a0e0b7160a7c444b23549be03389ad4e485d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-06-23T21:00:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"a16a4fa62cc4cece9399e67ddb8264a081991433474d796b98d31c7e94a6080d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1606.07475","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"030b1ceb594d0ac2aefd7d01d44e7bc3d30d3e0cf1d52e29eb8b7546cdc6e0da","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"030b1ceb594d0ac2aefd7d01d44e7bc3d30d3e0cf1d52e29eb8b7546cdc6e0da","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11.702078Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11.702078Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"mlBFXH6jqj9WvTCPSb1ggykwhHul1cHLG686EsTg3+DGWrJ9xpxRu61jYuwp4LXhDKnMaa5uA0g0EUEDdgw7DA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:03:11.702648Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1606.07475","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b145a9a2ecf2a6cea8093ac4a0ec641971f9c162809343723160b13c7998faec","sha256:03fab5b5ba9103a68fd72dd0dfa85a9cce323d162f910b1b62e6432d0b0e64ae"],"state_sha256":"b04cb694913a7f380caba262b13f2d5105b77d5341fb701b550b91a1b9bd926b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CDm3KpsitADj1jIMJnHk3x55YOp0Dczd4yvmqoI85Wjdfz9RM2U/orahhaE3QYkHpXLYibWbzPGZ+utnHa3zAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-26T23:35:53.641517Z","bundle_sha256":"3f31162eac22ecf7d86064a4b89a55830576fac39e342da4b044f92969703a74"}}