{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3","short_pith_number":"pith:B6QGNDGM","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.06839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2017-08-22T22:11:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"41d2d6a10446bd91411591d02b3ec45fac8b8dd8d46397485dd912a7e9bcd37c","abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f1bd1d720cdbee6c2c756fe634ea6a2ec8beee8425f0ec87804599cf4e263e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0fa0668ccc20f508a709dde5ba24894ecb58dee4daff9ce032874606dfd98df5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1708.06839","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.06839","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.06839v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.06839","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"B6QGNDGMED2Q","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"B6QGNDGM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.06839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2017-08-22T22:11:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"41d2d6a10446bd91411591d02b3ec45fac8b8dd8d46397485dd912a7e9bcd37c","abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f1bd1d720cdbee6c2c756fe634ea6a2ec8beee8425f0ec87804599cf4e263e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0fa0668ccc20f508a709dde5ba24894ecb58dee4daff9ce032874606dfd98df5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49.045233Z","signature_b64":"KRuowXS5/pfCgQny8A6CafvtmZVnjcARE1aUX3Rnp5DkXVkbwdpeFnRFhRrs0p9NYhPPvYvghyk5/VCTvMHYAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0fa0668ccc20f508a709dde5ba24894ecb58dee4daff9ce032874606dfd98df5","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49.044842Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49.044842Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1708.06839","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OXzLZzamYEazZOSWNTLF/mv80niZMp4OyJSpAUxTQ0wCtlE77nOSrGJ0znU0T3Arko8svzmkph7SliUKoEvLDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T22:37:11.295413Z"},"content_sha256":"d92d3fcb2fec050146e2c9d9a60fce66b38f539c5607ef2957d0d10a0347a075","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d92d3fcb2fec050146e2c9d9a60fce66b38f539c5607ef2957d0d10a0347a075"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Back to the Future: an Even More Nearly Optimal Cardinality Estimation Algorithm","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DS","authors_text":"Kevin J Lang","submitted_at":"2017-08-22T22:11:43Z","abstract_excerpt":"We describe a new cardinality estimation algorithm that is extremely space-efficient. It applies one of three novel estimators to the compressed state of the Flajolet-Martin-85 coupon collection process. In an apples-to-apples empirical comparison against compressed HyperLogLog sketches, the new algorithm simultaneously wins on all three dimensions of the time/space/accuracy tradeoff. Our prototype uses the zstd compression library, and produces sketches that are smaller than the entropy of HLL, so no possible implementation of compressed HLL can match its space efficiency. The paper's technic"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.06839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OATq9dFrLhNIZuLnLPDjVxRxTwfFwRSAvd7BRJPCbabZI5jpZkpONuQnsKpRzWpMivJ9ZwOQ76nqyBKT9UYQCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T22:37:11.295767Z"},"content_sha256":"3946bbdb65c92c89f1faf372b1c354e505f2250721c03d53aa1bc14469a05548","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3946bbdb65c92c89f1faf372b1c354e505f2250721c03d53aa1bc14469a05548"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-23T22:37:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ3XS3UJEJJ3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f1bd1d720cdbee6c2c756fe634ea6a2ec8beee8425f0ec87804599cf4e263e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2017-08-22T22:11:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"41d2d6a10446bd91411591d02b3ec45fac8b8dd8d46397485dd912a7e9bcd37c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.06839","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.06839","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.06839v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.06839","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"B6QGNDGMED2Q","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"B6QGNDGMED2QRJYJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"B6QGNDGM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3946bbdb65c92c89f1faf372b1c354e505f2250721c03d53aa1bc14469a05548","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We describe a new cardinality estimation algorithm that is extremely space-efficient. It applies one of three novel estimators to the compressed state of the Flajolet-Martin-85 coupon collection process. In an apples-to-apples empirical comparison against compressed HyperLogLog sketches, the new algorithm simultaneously wins on all three dimensions of the time/space/accuracy tradeoff. Our prototype uses the zstd compression library, and produces sketches that are smaller than the entropy of HLL, so no possible implementation of compressed HLL can match its space efficiency. The paper's technic","authors_text":"Kevin J Lang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2017-08-22T22:11:43Z","title":"Back to the Future: an Even More Nearly Optimal Cardinality Estimation Algorithm"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.06839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d92d3fcb2fec050146e2c9d9a60fce66b38f539c5607ef2957d0d10a0347a075","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f1bd1d720cdbee6c2c756fe634ea6a2ec8beee8425f0ec87804599cf4e263e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2017-08-22T22:11:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"41d2d6a10446bd91411591d02b3ec45fac8b8dd8d46397485dd912a7e9bcd37c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.06839","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"0fa0668ccc20f508a709dde5ba24894ecb58dee4daff9ce032874606dfd98df5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0fa0668ccc20f508a709dde5ba24894ecb58dee4daff9ce032874606dfd98df5","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49.044842Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49.044842Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"KRuowXS5/pfCgQny8A6CafvtmZVnjcARE1aUX3Rnp5DkXVkbwdpeFnRFhRrs0p9NYhPPvYvghyk5/VCTvMHYAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:36:49.045233Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1708.06839","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d92d3fcb2fec050146e2c9d9a60fce66b38f539c5607ef2957d0d10a0347a075","sha256:3946bbdb65c92c89f1faf372b1c354e505f2250721c03d53aa1bc14469a05548"],"state_sha256":"a0643df1db10d303ec1db4b63a103347ab59bd92196858fe578bee22cee9db41"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WI0df8Eh3GQ+MjDv/bssWKtY8NjBD9SWlDDWpr+6qlpIpGveCjG0iIjBQnIiuZcTVH1Ss4Ma1i4itAszy1oiCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T22:37:11.297710Z","bundle_sha256":"e136e1ad9e5a9317b9b1224c1af8103dafba4b4e15712ebcd9d73547630980bf"}}