{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6","short_pith_number":"pith:B6SAZADI","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.06978","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2018-06-18T23:01:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"title_canon_sha256":"e8f0e2c9742de15767a0bcad262ae895cfe52f7e478e3a903d828301ad36b195","abstract_canon_sha256":"d69f68bebe1c8edaf6115ca1dc9d41166f203985265361b8c41cadd0f816a802"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0fa40c80681b2c83d9c6e28c881dfa47a322717898f2d4ed06f905e97729b2b0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1806.06978","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.06978","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.06978v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.06978","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"B6SAZADIDMWI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"B6SAZADI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.06978","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2018-06-18T23:01:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"title_canon_sha256":"e8f0e2c9742de15767a0bcad262ae895cfe52f7e478e3a903d828301ad36b195","abstract_canon_sha256":"d69f68bebe1c8edaf6115ca1dc9d41166f203985265361b8c41cadd0f816a802"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0fa40c80681b2c83d9c6e28c881dfa47a322717898f2d4ed06f905e97729b2b0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57.868403Z","signature_b64":"p9ETpYrXUKIUF6TBTx1bzJiGWCXiBb5zZQUb1/1NbuXbG2wHDyhOgekLKCad2G1Iw5A/lzzoHnMpvSaqWUqJCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0fa40c80681b2c83d9c6e28c881dfa47a322717898f2d4ed06f905e97729b2b0","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57.867772Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57.867772Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1806.06978","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Obtgik4Hoi0MtJ1ckKOdunp5xbVHXYFmcWQ84JAMWHcN0en0818UEVbMtoKCHMmhiH6+ui+gzNCCI25K0wpUBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T17:18:45.802694Z"},"content_sha256":"995e9b271cd602787545e6120a7c8b6993ced13d0c298504499485e52973792c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:995e9b271cd602787545e6120a7c8b6993ced13d0c298504499485e52973792c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Web of Blocks","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.DB"],"primary_cat":"cs.DC","authors_text":"Andrew C. Myers, Isaac Sheff, Robbert van Renesse, Xinwen Wang","submitted_at":"2018-06-18T23:01:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"Blockchains offer a useful abstraction: a trustworthy, decentralized log of totally ordered transactions. Traditional blockchains have problems with scalability and efficiency, preventing their use for many applications. These limitations arise from the requirement that all participants agree on the total ordering of transactions. To address this fundamental shortcoming, we introduce Charlotte, a system for maintaining decentralized, authenticated data structures, including transaction logs. Each data structurestructure -- indeed, each block -- specifies its own availability and integrity prop"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.06978","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hgsAF9kw6zVLgWR43XBwtllq1ETsl6FM1LGlX7efNthIHuxRvClDnnhoLqoXoK8d46NmN+G+6H66pJjpT1XaBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T17:18:45.803032Z"},"content_sha256":"3d6dd6b2dd775253f54269dd39c62cc401567659a3698c75e7cb000df93d044c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3d6dd6b2dd775253f54269dd39c62cc401567659a3698c75e7cb000df93d044c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-24T17:18:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG4KGIQHP2I6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d69f68bebe1c8edaf6115ca1dc9d41166f203985265361b8c41cadd0f816a802","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2018-06-18T23:01:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"e8f0e2c9742de15767a0bcad262ae895cfe52f7e478e3a903d828301ad36b195"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.06978","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.06978","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.06978v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.06978","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"B6SAZADIDMWI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"B6SAZADIDMWIHWOG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"B6SAZADI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3d6dd6b2dd775253f54269dd39c62cc401567659a3698c75e7cb000df93d044c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Blockchains offer a useful abstraction: a trustworthy, decentralized log of totally ordered transactions. Traditional blockchains have problems with scalability and efficiency, preventing their use for many applications. These limitations arise from the requirement that all participants agree on the total ordering of transactions. To address this fundamental shortcoming, we introduce Charlotte, a system for maintaining decentralized, authenticated data structures, including transaction logs. Each data structurestructure -- indeed, each block -- specifies its own availability and integrity prop","authors_text":"Andrew C. Myers, Isaac Sheff, Robbert van Renesse, Xinwen Wang","cross_cats":["cs.DB"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2018-06-18T23:01:41Z","title":"A Web of Blocks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.06978","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:995e9b271cd602787545e6120a7c8b6993ced13d0c298504499485e52973792c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d69f68bebe1c8edaf6115ca1dc9d41166f203985265361b8c41cadd0f816a802","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2018-06-18T23:01:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"e8f0e2c9742de15767a0bcad262ae895cfe52f7e478e3a903d828301ad36b195"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.06978","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"0fa40c80681b2c83d9c6e28c881dfa47a322717898f2d4ed06f905e97729b2b0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0fa40c80681b2c83d9c6e28c881dfa47a322717898f2d4ed06f905e97729b2b0","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57.867772Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57.867772Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"p9ETpYrXUKIUF6TBTx1bzJiGWCXiBb5zZQUb1/1NbuXbG2wHDyhOgekLKCad2G1Iw5A/lzzoHnMpvSaqWUqJCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:12:57.868403Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1806.06978","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:995e9b271cd602787545e6120a7c8b6993ced13d0c298504499485e52973792c","sha256:3d6dd6b2dd775253f54269dd39c62cc401567659a3698c75e7cb000df93d044c"],"state_sha256":"d1d68c7b92cfb8fd7443ac560ee66d60775a92e2a902119e8edd3aec9bb052bd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qekhqEjsWUrGld49bQm+Z9kCV1oxB7m/P7/KX4n9aPvaMZc52c4CLGlFFQNyWhQalmMJ7tni0j7PBYXAlCXJBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T17:18:45.804898Z","bundle_sha256":"7fdffb2ad5459ab03b4110b5931f6e47932bf445ea358d79ddda3f52d3be42f4"}}