{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H","short_pith_number":"pith:BPE7AJST","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.14279","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-04-29T11:55:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"db378d6ce44efbce8500845ae6d5438e6b25e22cd311eb2c2414a02068862dd7","abstract_canon_sha256":"db04d5bb9292b0d8cec308893a78e40fa1332f19d93e81b5fa40c38624503363"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0bc9f026530ed673550ee50b3eb0cce1e29b7afa4f75b57b025ab72c6052f97f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2104.14279","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.14279","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.14279v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.14279","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BPE7AJSTB3LH","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BPE7AJST","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.14279","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-04-29T11:55:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"db378d6ce44efbce8500845ae6d5438e6b25e22cd311eb2c2414a02068862dd7","abstract_canon_sha256":"db04d5bb9292b0d8cec308893a78e40fa1332f19d93e81b5fa40c38624503363"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0bc9f026530ed673550ee50b3eb0cce1e29b7afa4f75b57b025ab72c6052f97f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32.840308Z","signature_b64":"qzdlp5QbXp1hHMGcWqpH3r+PX6INdYIfRj5EEf2kRXJ9cStWE/8/VT3Eelj+Q+ydCcnksc0Ni7eKhYfgjV5GAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0bc9f026530ed673550ee50b3eb0cce1e29b7afa4f75b57b025ab72c6052f97f","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32.839843Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32.839843Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2104.14279","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EMYDIX1FbMt8sbrMQnKeJULAB4//c2plaSWPpOaDaAXNR0uSgvfbd1+3M9/4yoQfcypQz4LiAvR0evzrCgMNDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T05:25:19.116131Z"},"content_sha256":"23189c3d2a0a7c6c460b8eb226d2612b92f5c4d2f2c499f416cb0994ea7827b0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:23189c3d2a0a7c6c460b8eb226d2612b92f5c4d2f2c499f416cb0994ea7827b0"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"How (Non-)Optimal is the Lexicon?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Dami\\'an Blasi, Irene Nikkarinen, Kyle Mahowald, Ryan Cotterell, Tiago Pimentel","submitted_at":"2021-04-29T11:55:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"The mapping of lexical meanings to wordforms is a major feature of natural languages. While usage pressures might assign short words to frequent meanings (Zipf's law of abbreviation), the need for a productive and open-ended vocabulary, local constraints on sequences of symbols, and various other factors all shape the lexicons of the world's languages. Despite their importance in shaping lexical structure, the relative contributions of these factors have not been fully quantified. Taking a coding-theoretic view of the lexicon and making use of a novel generative statistical model, we define up"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.14279","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2104.14279/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cf6CpWke5NAawTpWYoxH+7oSuL+/H9cb4YqYNxO8V46M05cw6QATR3HL1zuTGSrZGJUhvcePzzak5pYO2Q9LCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T05:25:19.118286Z"},"content_sha256":"273b057ed04f2c24d6df516980049d4f356d212ebaaee6ba37f54338b0708237","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:273b057ed04f2c24d6df516980049d4f356d212ebaaee6ba37f54338b0708237"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T05:25:19Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO4UFT5MGM4H","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"db04d5bb9292b0d8cec308893a78e40fa1332f19d93e81b5fa40c38624503363","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-04-29T11:55:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"db378d6ce44efbce8500845ae6d5438e6b25e22cd311eb2c2414a02068862dd7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.14279","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.14279","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.14279v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.14279","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BPE7AJSTB3LH","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BPE7AJSTB3LHGVIO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BPE7AJST","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:273b057ed04f2c24d6df516980049d4f356d212ebaaee6ba37f54338b0708237","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2104.14279/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The mapping of lexical meanings to wordforms is a major feature of natural languages. While usage pressures might assign short words to frequent meanings (Zipf's law of abbreviation), the need for a productive and open-ended vocabulary, local constraints on sequences of symbols, and various other factors all shape the lexicons of the world's languages. Despite their importance in shaping lexical structure, the relative contributions of these factors have not been fully quantified. Taking a coding-theoretic view of the lexicon and making use of a novel generative statistical model, we define up","authors_text":"Dami\\'an Blasi, Irene Nikkarinen, Kyle Mahowald, Ryan Cotterell, Tiago Pimentel","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-04-29T11:55:47Z","title":"How (Non-)Optimal is the Lexicon?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.14279","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:23189c3d2a0a7c6c460b8eb226d2612b92f5c4d2f2c499f416cb0994ea7827b0","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"db04d5bb9292b0d8cec308893a78e40fa1332f19d93e81b5fa40c38624503363","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-04-29T11:55:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"db378d6ce44efbce8500845ae6d5438e6b25e22cd311eb2c2414a02068862dd7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.14279","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"0bc9f026530ed673550ee50b3eb0cce1e29b7afa4f75b57b025ab72c6052f97f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0bc9f026530ed673550ee50b3eb0cce1e29b7afa4f75b57b025ab72c6052f97f","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32.839843Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32.839843Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"qzdlp5QbXp1hHMGcWqpH3r+PX6INdYIfRj5EEf2kRXJ9cStWE/8/VT3Eelj+Q+ydCcnksc0Ni7eKhYfgjV5GAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:36:32.840308Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2104.14279","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:23189c3d2a0a7c6c460b8eb226d2612b92f5c4d2f2c499f416cb0994ea7827b0","sha256:273b057ed04f2c24d6df516980049d4f356d212ebaaee6ba37f54338b0708237"],"state_sha256":"78d16dad7ebf00c8e9a3e713a115bc9c0d6db2c8d6b895101ea927c7a7f68d32"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bFdedVpeMo6isOK8DJ7TZmRdb/+uDT0LMN57wpg1vO4/+gJR/A41w4tj/fkzGipGSX3YG6tqU18QPsQk0GbaAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T05:25:19.134285Z","bundle_sha256":"f3208afa99f8bb3a6fe64702decdef2184d7266745f5b0e810d6e71e5b020f3b"}}