{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO","short_pith_number":"pith:BTOAYFMK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1411.7193","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2014-11-26T11:49:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bec7579f7c8b8bfa54c6afe9610d9a89a45f259b01d8c0c5bbc1b45f63d4811b","abstract_canon_sha256":"c7d8119cf79ce455342b6ac175f2ff9acf19b552f2ddeb7df911761de3384db5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0cdc0c158a4d433ce9dac79706653ab3bad042c9f106fca154cb70573fec97e0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1411.7193","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1411.7193","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1411.7193v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1411.7193","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BTOAYFMKJVBT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BTOAYFMK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1411.7193","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2014-11-26T11:49:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bec7579f7c8b8bfa54c6afe9610d9a89a45f259b01d8c0c5bbc1b45f63d4811b","abstract_canon_sha256":"c7d8119cf79ce455342b6ac175f2ff9acf19b552f2ddeb7df911761de3384db5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0cdc0c158a4d433ce9dac79706653ab3bad042c9f106fca154cb70573fec97e0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45.089188Z","signature_b64":"r7hpDoCU+fW/PxvNf7bNKGyeJwPoKJgGY7WChRpQ9fBMg3e1PEwLtoQv1ob9KJCX3D2L2XhqHTLgPcT5G64oAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0cdc0c158a4d433ce9dac79706653ab3bad042c9f106fca154cb70573fec97e0","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45.088707Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45.088707Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1411.7193","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FzeDICbXcj46JN8Y4y1WQyh1vJHkRSdVX013GKgBOZM9UCDp+IhRVg1P5kIi2eqB0DiIGC22BrvOYqvG7uDWBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T02:20:59.187543Z"},"content_sha256":"73dff29495bf93024f92c965950942f4411d7ec31935ebb448d9deab75b1c1b7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:73dff29495bf93024f92c965950942f4411d7ec31935ebb448d9deab75b1c1b7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Collision Avoidance in TV White Spaces: A Cross-layer Design Approach for Cognitive Radio Networks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.NI","authors_text":"Fotis Foukalas, George Karetsos","submitted_at":"2014-11-26T11:49:09Z","abstract_excerpt":"One of the most promising applications of cognitive radio networks (CRNs)is the efficient exploitation of TV white spaces (TVWSs) for enhancing the performance of wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer design (CLD) of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism at the medium access control (MAC) layer with spectrum sensing (SpSe) at the physical layer, for identifying the occupancy status of TV bands. The proposed CLD relies on a Markov chain model with a state pair containing both the SpSe and the CSMA/CA from which we derive the collision pr"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1411.7193","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QIyXGb7X9HDzsZOFlGrF/6zcbujOBh2bh3YFTfHL1iPnL0/11KKySDMyfqMv5paB+X5gguLGqOXhPmK2vosDCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T02:20:59.187886Z"},"content_sha256":"d1bcb5350f0f97fd53fe1ad3aa0a911d6bb9d6d5841111efcf88e88e5b7f481d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d1bcb5350f0f97fd53fe1ad3aa0a911d6bb9d6d5841111efcf88e88e5b7f481d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-24T02:20:59Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2Y6LQMZJ2WO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c7d8119cf79ce455342b6ac175f2ff9acf19b552f2ddeb7df911761de3384db5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2014-11-26T11:49:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"bec7579f7c8b8bfa54c6afe9610d9a89a45f259b01d8c0c5bbc1b45f63d4811b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1411.7193","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1411.7193","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1411.7193v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1411.7193","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BTOAYFMKJVBT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BTOAYFMKJVBTZ2O2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BTOAYFMK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d1bcb5350f0f97fd53fe1ad3aa0a911d6bb9d6d5841111efcf88e88e5b7f481d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"One of the most promising applications of cognitive radio networks (CRNs)is the efficient exploitation of TV white spaces (TVWSs) for enhancing the performance of wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer design (CLD) of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism at the medium access control (MAC) layer with spectrum sensing (SpSe) at the physical layer, for identifying the occupancy status of TV bands. The proposed CLD relies on a Markov chain model with a state pair containing both the SpSe and the CSMA/CA from which we derive the collision pr","authors_text":"Fotis Foukalas, George Karetsos","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2014-11-26T11:49:09Z","title":"Collision Avoidance in TV White Spaces: A Cross-layer Design Approach for Cognitive Radio Networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1411.7193","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:73dff29495bf93024f92c965950942f4411d7ec31935ebb448d9deab75b1c1b7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c7d8119cf79ce455342b6ac175f2ff9acf19b552f2ddeb7df911761de3384db5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2014-11-26T11:49:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"bec7579f7c8b8bfa54c6afe9610d9a89a45f259b01d8c0c5bbc1b45f63d4811b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1411.7193","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"0cdc0c158a4d433ce9dac79706653ab3bad042c9f106fca154cb70573fec97e0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0cdc0c158a4d433ce9dac79706653ab3bad042c9f106fca154cb70573fec97e0","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45.088707Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45.088707Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"r7hpDoCU+fW/PxvNf7bNKGyeJwPoKJgGY7WChRpQ9fBMg3e1PEwLtoQv1ob9KJCX3D2L2XhqHTLgPcT5G64oAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:45.089188Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1411.7193","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:73dff29495bf93024f92c965950942f4411d7ec31935ebb448d9deab75b1c1b7","sha256:d1bcb5350f0f97fd53fe1ad3aa0a911d6bb9d6d5841111efcf88e88e5b7f481d"],"state_sha256":"e788a98c244f14e949795028b74c33207314935d14f97c08cf0d8a315048ec94"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EegQb5bpR/4TD/Gu4pmDjBfGDz1J4gxz1R39Bd6LGcg0kcjPU0edxBDznufa4mdZ3YTBGqiT06SGiboQJEDnCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T02:20:59.189889Z","bundle_sha256":"c96786356772e3af36d8a474b9c6ea8f360cbcb577abb1773ad6658495748cbb"}}