{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1995:D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O","short_pith_number":"pith:D2RIX3OL","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"cmp-lg/9503016","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"cmp-lg","submitted_at":"1995-03-14T19:58:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"b6a7d2fc97ca1b6628f30a726cfa52ff8d57419546e933999d69c383386b9c7f","abstract_canon_sha256":"f20f46175374512b51faf815c537a31c6ea8e15ad5485b0ee8e2c7883beb4f42"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1ea28bedcb8d7dd9c621e195bd0413db943706bb51b19f296fbb940362b888d3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"cmp-lg/9503016","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"cmp-lg/9503016","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"cmp-lg/9503016v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.cmp-lg/9503016","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"D2RIX3OLRV65","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"D2RIX3OL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:1995:D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"cmp-lg/9503016","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"cmp-lg","submitted_at":"1995-03-14T19:58:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"b6a7d2fc97ca1b6628f30a726cfa52ff8d57419546e933999d69c383386b9c7f","abstract_canon_sha256":"f20f46175374512b51faf815c537a31c6ea8e15ad5485b0ee8e2c7883beb4f42"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1ea28bedcb8d7dd9c621e195bd0413db943706bb51b19f296fbb940362b888d3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23.984381Z","signature_b64":"m5BPzjzY381O3P+f7wcyhiwKKhnEEARDBqCylMGyE1UuMXcqETs5bCEzC5F6ddsE6cXfC2u0EEa3EIPYZZD0Bg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1ea28bedcb8d7dd9c621e195bd0413db943706bb51b19f296fbb940362b888d3","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23.983997Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23.983997Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"cmp-lg/9503016","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+etfqVBpXBFDw7bbE4jH6DsFgNp/JUwsC9tZIY82+rgLwJgXT52E4rbFbeesZBRaKP5PK7kvuf4lNzKreCA3DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T20:55:05.863731Z"},"content_sha256":"7bcf44f5b84e6b29941b395906b22398d203019d914bca2c496297eeb62c8739","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7bcf44f5b84e6b29941b395906b22398d203019d914bca2c496297eeb62c8739"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:1995:D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Natural Language Interfaces to Databases - An Introduction","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cmp-lg","authors_text":"G.D.Ritchie (Dept.of Artificial Intelligence, I.Androutsopoulos (Dept.of Artificial Intelligence, P.Thanisch (Dept.of Computer Science, Univ.of Edinburgh)","submitted_at":"1995-03-14T19:58:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper is an introduction to natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBs). A brief overview of the history of NLIDBs is first given. Some advantages and disadvantages of NLIDBs are then discussed, comparing NLIDBs to formal query languages, form-based interfaces, and graphical interfaces. An introduction to some of the linguistic problems NLIDBs have to confront follows, for the benefit of readers less familiar with computational linguistics. The discussion then moves on to NLIDB architectures, portability issues, restricted natural language input systems (including menu-based NLIDBs)"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"cmp-lg/9503016","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ByLVVQvwK3yl6r2RebLmnUIyqcH6rM4yonxEHirmyCjnwOo9Pu7blP4RetlZweBDWwEgj3/CxGqjOuPVzKesBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T20:55:05.864345Z"},"content_sha256":"2dcd687f1df29ab0904330abc5b2f362e0f746eb5611365f9068e6c8f79730cc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2dcd687f1df29ab0904330abc5b2f362e0f746eb5611365f9068e6c8f79730cc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T20:55:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1995:D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB4GK32BAT3O","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f20f46175374512b51faf815c537a31c6ea8e15ad5485b0ee8e2c7883beb4f42","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"","primary_cat":"cmp-lg","submitted_at":"1995-03-14T19:58:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"b6a7d2fc97ca1b6628f30a726cfa52ff8d57419546e933999d69c383386b9c7f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"cmp-lg/9503016","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"cmp-lg/9503016","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"cmp-lg/9503016v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.cmp-lg/9503016","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"D2RIX3OLRV65","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"D2RIX3OLRV65TRRB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"D2RIX3OL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2dcd687f1df29ab0904330abc5b2f362e0f746eb5611365f9068e6c8f79730cc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper is an introduction to natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBs). A brief overview of the history of NLIDBs is first given. Some advantages and disadvantages of NLIDBs are then discussed, comparing NLIDBs to formal query languages, form-based interfaces, and graphical interfaces. An introduction to some of the linguistic problems NLIDBs have to confront follows, for the benefit of readers less familiar with computational linguistics. The discussion then moves on to NLIDB architectures, portability issues, restricted natural language input systems (including menu-based NLIDBs)","authors_text":"G.D.Ritchie (Dept.of Artificial Intelligence, I.Androutsopoulos (Dept.of Artificial Intelligence, P.Thanisch (Dept.of Computer Science, Univ.of Edinburgh)","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"cmp-lg","submitted_at":"1995-03-14T19:58:54Z","title":"Natural Language Interfaces to Databases - An Introduction"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"cmp-lg/9503016","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7bcf44f5b84e6b29941b395906b22398d203019d914bca2c496297eeb62c8739","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f20f46175374512b51faf815c537a31c6ea8e15ad5485b0ee8e2c7883beb4f42","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"","primary_cat":"cmp-lg","submitted_at":"1995-03-14T19:58:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"b6a7d2fc97ca1b6628f30a726cfa52ff8d57419546e933999d69c383386b9c7f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"cmp-lg/9503016","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"1ea28bedcb8d7dd9c621e195bd0413db943706bb51b19f296fbb940362b888d3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1ea28bedcb8d7dd9c621e195bd0413db943706bb51b19f296fbb940362b888d3","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23.983997Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23.983997Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"m5BPzjzY381O3P+f7wcyhiwKKhnEEARDBqCylMGyE1UuMXcqETs5bCEzC5F6ddsE6cXfC2u0EEa3EIPYZZD0Bg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:07:23.984381Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"cmp-lg/9503016","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7bcf44f5b84e6b29941b395906b22398d203019d914bca2c496297eeb62c8739","sha256:2dcd687f1df29ab0904330abc5b2f362e0f746eb5611365f9068e6c8f79730cc"],"state_sha256":"1998d81781545c63b14037452c34dfce273ed65ab8084d57683d1e6964a48af5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ISV/Qs82uq3L3rwAVdD0k2lUa73Adgn/HBRj9CRshmb2v6Vml/yb1e5+C1M8ayExXx4lyPX4BhhuN7l/p63wBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T20:55:05.867378Z","bundle_sha256":"888253ef286c21338020ed32fe3369784b7f269aab0633495618b53ab12d6ef4"}}