{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL","short_pith_number":"pith:DWZL5DB5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.10885","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2018-07-28T03:52:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"title_canon_sha256":"8cdce48b1b2a999a0b144b8e86c6250d2d1507db93b45201af461dd1c14ae66f","abstract_canon_sha256":"19f70ebf042b7aa812b185490ab52aefee2842fb34adfb67433433d01ef3b9c3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1db2be8c3d05446d8d55765e911e888acffe3cd0d1d2c0b0cfc1bf75abdd258b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1807.10885","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.10885","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.10885v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.10885","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DWZL5DB5AVCG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DWZL5DB5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.10885","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2018-07-28T03:52:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"title_canon_sha256":"8cdce48b1b2a999a0b144b8e86c6250d2d1507db93b45201af461dd1c14ae66f","abstract_canon_sha256":"19f70ebf042b7aa812b185490ab52aefee2842fb34adfb67433433d01ef3b9c3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1db2be8c3d05446d8d55765e911e888acffe3cd0d1d2c0b0cfc1bf75abdd258b","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24.266757Z","signature_b64":"Oc86j7BLV/RBpNEVMMAwlTvhEWDNGkVSa2QckwBaWcp0gOIMLofnUeYQhrPm9dX+5QeIKFExw8rWkdbKWRu6Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1db2be8c3d05446d8d55765e911e888acffe3cd0d1d2c0b0cfc1bf75abdd258b","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24.266143Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24.266143Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1807.10885","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HtOJkGwBuC12a4fGRu1lzUOo3YHF5UDvR3nh331WknsA3mE/8/TpblCC0Zj7/X/uJkYOTzYwjPX94oZ5AOT1Ag==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T16:53:33.437767Z"},"content_sha256":"77156f7284b62b48c85deba2e23a8961eb8519b78a7e0178995958e8cb473788","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:77156f7284b62b48c85deba2e23a8961eb8519b78a7e0178995958e8cb473788"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Introduction to the Absolute Brightness and Number Statistics in Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.optics"],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Christopher C. Tison, Daniela F. Bogorin, Gregory A. Howland, James Schneeloch, Mackenzie L. Levangie, Michael L. Fanto, Paul M. Alsing, Rebecca Frank, Samuel H. Knarr","submitted_at":"2018-07-28T03:52:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"As a tutorial, we examine the absolute brightness and number statistics of photon pairs generated in Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) from first principles. In doing so, we demonstrate how the diverse implementations of SPDC can be understood through a single common framework, and use this to derive straightforward formulas for the biphoton generation rate (pairs per second) in a variety of different circumstances. In particular, we consider the common cases of both collimated and focused gaussian pump beams in a bulk nonlinear crystal, as well as in nonlinear waveguides and micro"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.10885","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Ojf9vSIBAs79KPAZr7lewmU5sVar8aKG7RGYN39BleWZfsz+BpM3Gfk6peH6ncCI1euBMH1cn2fUROSsvW/ODQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T16:53:33.438111Z"},"content_sha256":"782573f712fb8d51b82cecd258f35eacfee484f3dd54d5769e90e647bba21963","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:782573f712fb8d51b82cecd258f35eacfee484f3dd54d5769e90e647bba21963"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-23T16:53:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKVOZPJCHUIRL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"19f70ebf042b7aa812b185490ab52aefee2842fb34adfb67433433d01ef3b9c3","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2018-07-28T03:52:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"8cdce48b1b2a999a0b144b8e86c6250d2d1507db93b45201af461dd1c14ae66f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.10885","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.10885","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.10885v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.10885","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DWZL5DB5AVCG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DWZL5DB5AVCG3DKV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DWZL5DB5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:782573f712fb8d51b82cecd258f35eacfee484f3dd54d5769e90e647bba21963","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"As a tutorial, we examine the absolute brightness and number statistics of photon pairs generated in Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) from first principles. In doing so, we demonstrate how the diverse implementations of SPDC can be understood through a single common framework, and use this to derive straightforward formulas for the biphoton generation rate (pairs per second) in a variety of different circumstances. In particular, we consider the common cases of both collimated and focused gaussian pump beams in a bulk nonlinear crystal, as well as in nonlinear waveguides and micro","authors_text":"Christopher C. Tison, Daniela F. Bogorin, Gregory A. Howland, James Schneeloch, Mackenzie L. Levangie, Michael L. Fanto, Paul M. Alsing, Rebecca Frank, Samuel H. Knarr","cross_cats":["physics.optics"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2018-07-28T03:52:48Z","title":"Introduction to the Absolute Brightness and Number Statistics in Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.10885","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:77156f7284b62b48c85deba2e23a8961eb8519b78a7e0178995958e8cb473788","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"19f70ebf042b7aa812b185490ab52aefee2842fb34adfb67433433d01ef3b9c3","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2018-07-28T03:52:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"8cdce48b1b2a999a0b144b8e86c6250d2d1507db93b45201af461dd1c14ae66f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.10885","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"1db2be8c3d05446d8d55765e911e888acffe3cd0d1d2c0b0cfc1bf75abdd258b","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1db2be8c3d05446d8d55765e911e888acffe3cd0d1d2c0b0cfc1bf75abdd258b","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24.266143Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24.266143Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Oc86j7BLV/RBpNEVMMAwlTvhEWDNGkVSa2QckwBaWcp0gOIMLofnUeYQhrPm9dX+5QeIKFExw8rWkdbKWRu6Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:24.266757Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1807.10885","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:77156f7284b62b48c85deba2e23a8961eb8519b78a7e0178995958e8cb473788","sha256:782573f712fb8d51b82cecd258f35eacfee484f3dd54d5769e90e647bba21963"],"state_sha256":"49dfde27fd88d22d5eefea6e20a379bbfd648f596bda1d5ea3eb795208e805f6"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NkOIv6WVVwXmKo9dMloCysZeHuTej0AjK8oKOtVQKug55MmZatgLyoaodNIXG+2ykARdeHhyDOjnsGkBt72HDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T16:53:33.440250Z","bundle_sha256":"84da24998360ad23ff84b9ebf7bc55cc1614e1779a8d3c6a942ee0b69c408188"}}