{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1996:FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK","short_pith_number":"pith:FINO244B","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"quant-ph/9610001","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"1996-10-01T16:21:11Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c9b38449a9a5b16cda72370ab1fafb7cb79e952f1a5c9fb6325e6126231f1f97","abstract_canon_sha256":"3fb4c82868e2bb42086d6195f28425ecc72254cdce9407d0090e24ba0cf864fd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2a1aed7381e5a4d744e3826099dbd942a295a524b6b1b74ab00c175923c18f40","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"quant-ph/9610001","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"quant-ph/9610001","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"quant-ph/9610001v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/9610001","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FINO244B4WSN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FINO244B4WSNORHD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FINO244B","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:1996:FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"quant-ph/9610001","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"1996-10-01T16:21:11Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c9b38449a9a5b16cda72370ab1fafb7cb79e952f1a5c9fb6325e6126231f1f97","abstract_canon_sha256":"3fb4c82868e2bb42086d6195f28425ecc72254cdce9407d0090e24ba0cf864fd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2a1aed7381e5a4d744e3826099dbd942a295a524b6b1b74ab00c175923c18f40","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53.342029Z","signature_b64":"Iphf2cy2locD7lUfmIXXBxm9EqLkzMxGfzOSMZ/Ler0OkBdprE2X8l3OfpjSblCiZzNh0FNnH0WUbpAKT50xCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2a1aed7381e5a4d744e3826099dbd942a295a524b6b1b74ab00c175923c18f40","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53.341465Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53.341465Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"quant-ph/9610001","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iabwr1Ryq0aDgGWl76GR76GOxXu7GZukKeElJgZpp9Lgfp0dpZaqB62+aRoCsREO/f3ohVWHhw7v4Em4/qLeDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T21:57:51.659360Z"},"content_sha256":"5d6c20ef5d6ab895de198752dfc0d6df3bfefb5d9f10cb38735e20db1df0f57d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5d6c20ef5d6ab895de198752dfc0d6df3bfefb5d9f10cb38735e20db1df0f57d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:1996:FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Prescription for experimental determination of the dynamics of a quantum black box","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Isaac L. Chuang, M. A. Nielsen","submitted_at":"1996-10-01T16:21:11Z","abstract_excerpt":"We give an explicit prescription for experimentally determining the evolution operators which completely describe the dynamics of a quantum mechanical black box -- an arbitrary open quantum system. We show necessary and sufficient conditions for this to be possible, and illustrate the general theory by considering specifically one and two quantum bit systems. These procedures may be useful in the comparative evaluation of experimental quantum measurement, communication, and computation systems."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"quant-ph/9610001","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hCEQBFFRn9sbqyTWbZXxdb0D6mFYeJXrY0iC33gAE8H/fCAlqsyPbWbYJkRz7pJGRGYuYXTxZApsqqj+wooECw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T21:57:51.659734Z"},"content_sha256":"beedcea8aa587d9e2841550635f1b87fde1a692244e08856261c1e55973b3adc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:beedcea8aa587d9e2841550635f1b87fde1a692244e08856261c1e55973b3adc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T21:57:51Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1996:FINO244B4WSNORHDQJQJTW6ZIK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3fb4c82868e2bb42086d6195f28425ecc72254cdce9407d0090e24ba0cf864fd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"1996-10-01T16:21:11Z","title_canon_sha256":"c9b38449a9a5b16cda72370ab1fafb7cb79e952f1a5c9fb6325e6126231f1f97"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"quant-ph/9610001","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"quant-ph/9610001","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"quant-ph/9610001v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/9610001","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FINO244B4WSN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FINO244B4WSNORHD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FINO244B","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:47Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:beedcea8aa587d9e2841550635f1b87fde1a692244e08856261c1e55973b3adc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We give an explicit prescription for experimentally determining the evolution operators which completely describe the dynamics of a quantum mechanical black box -- an arbitrary open quantum system. We show necessary and sufficient conditions for this to be possible, and illustrate the general theory by considering specifically one and two quantum bit systems. These procedures may be useful in the comparative evaluation of experimental quantum measurement, communication, and computation systems.","authors_text":"Isaac L. Chuang, M. A. Nielsen","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"1996-10-01T16:21:11Z","title":"Prescription for experimental determination of the dynamics of a quantum black box"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"quant-ph/9610001","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5d6c20ef5d6ab895de198752dfc0d6df3bfefb5d9f10cb38735e20db1df0f57d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3fb4c82868e2bb42086d6195f28425ecc72254cdce9407d0090e24ba0cf864fd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"1996-10-01T16:21:11Z","title_canon_sha256":"c9b38449a9a5b16cda72370ab1fafb7cb79e952f1a5c9fb6325e6126231f1f97"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"quant-ph/9610001","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"2a1aed7381e5a4d744e3826099dbd942a295a524b6b1b74ab00c175923c18f40","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2a1aed7381e5a4d744e3826099dbd942a295a524b6b1b74ab00c175923c18f40","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53.341465Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53.341465Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Iphf2cy2locD7lUfmIXXBxm9EqLkzMxGfzOSMZ/Ler0OkBdprE2X8l3OfpjSblCiZzNh0FNnH0WUbpAKT50xCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:37:53.342029Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"quant-ph/9610001","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5d6c20ef5d6ab895de198752dfc0d6df3bfefb5d9f10cb38735e20db1df0f57d","sha256:beedcea8aa587d9e2841550635f1b87fde1a692244e08856261c1e55973b3adc"],"state_sha256":"3da02840f472678e184cfa3195a0fff8682a6a10e3ec3245275563815fb314f5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vy5rj3Q/jQCV6q6rmtrfPH5JXpm998OYBcL9iBJr69h8erX/gwzmfVPOPmKCKmL29rJfaN6j5/ptL1oa0m5mCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T21:57:51.662450Z","bundle_sha256":"fc06158167cb1caed69080263c96eef09411d6bf72c08fad439ec46736b6bdfc"}}