{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:GE52XLO5U66NODF5MMWVIGPAFC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"90b8a8e43bba8b9fe53d9d3f3435df99edd1f7484159c56a8f7158619bba1921","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-06-11T20:36:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"3a30cf13150db61e90932fe2e4389113cd7f779e15dc4e8ade1146a14eec8d6d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.3057","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.3057","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.3057v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.3057","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GE52XLO5U66N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GE52XLO5U66NODF5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GE52XLO5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:30Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ee5dda93bf49a905f74f12c9f9292cae0ce38f58dc39b101287df3ad8efa6fbe","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"It is commonplace in discussions of modern cosmology to assert that the early universe began in a special state. Conventionally, cosmologists characterize this fine-tuning in terms of the horizon and flatness problems. I argue that the fine-tuning is real, but these problems aren't the best way to think about it: causal disconnection of separated regions isn't the real problem, and flatness isn't a problem at all. Fine-tuning is better understood in terms of a measure on the space of trajectories: given reasonable conditions in the late universe, the fraction of cosmological histories that wer","authors_text":"Sean M. Carroll","cross_cats":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-06-11T20:36:24Z","title":"In What Sense Is the Early Universe Fine-Tuned?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.3057","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9757fef01cd855215459a23bb25351c6cc87ef8532c79713618abd699ad5b5a8","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"90b8a8e43bba8b9fe53d9d3f3435df99edd1f7484159c56a8f7158619bba1921","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-06-11T20:36:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"3a30cf13150db61e90932fe2e4389113cd7f779e15dc4e8ade1146a14eec8d6d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.3057","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"313babaddda7bcd70cbd632d5419e028b5a0c0dc4bc43aa187ed330472416204","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"313babaddda7bcd70cbd632d5419e028b5a0c0dc4bc43aa187ed330472416204","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53.185753Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53.185753Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"I9z/2tBAIfFzLPfCKLSWecC/+gjys12pVmjDOlcdx+fvXGZWI4eU+SHkqsuoJBkchEyWmCLVE3xJn1pM92N9Bw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:49:53.186241Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1406.3057","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9757fef01cd855215459a23bb25351c6cc87ef8532c79713618abd699ad5b5a8","sha256:ee5dda93bf49a905f74f12c9f9292cae0ce38f58dc39b101287df3ad8efa6fbe"],"state_sha256":"7538e438e5f08380dddb6bd2e0684586ee0b22546db97f46ab9154b9f9d0eef3"}