{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR","short_pith_number":"pith:IUBUP3YA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.15531","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-09-27T09:48:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a2c24b65c0adedd0c59fc8d4df4d77a2277aec6a6411cd359de5c2555965dee4","abstract_canon_sha256":"29f7b2bef0c3f946aeef33e575d61f982976f7bf3c214ca9ec9d26502872a76f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"450347ef00ddded54d903a5fd983880c54d424ae58ef62951c9f890dd7013d09","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2309.15531","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.15531","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.15531v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.15531","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IUBUP3YA3XPN","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IUBUP3YA","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.15531","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-09-27T09:48:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a2c24b65c0adedd0c59fc8d4df4d77a2277aec6a6411cd359de5c2555965dee4","abstract_canon_sha256":"29f7b2bef0c3f946aeef33e575d61f982976f7bf3c214ca9ec9d26502872a76f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"450347ef00ddded54d903a5fd983880c54d424ae58ef62951c9f890dd7013d09","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13.037780Z","signature_b64":"ypyqQfLafQib585k4cR0uP2xWFNOQ132mp8j64bm7GgttDysIlnGB9ihwoWLzd2560qJAtVVMFxsJL7zau5bBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"450347ef00ddded54d903a5fd983880c54d424ae58ef62951c9f890dd7013d09","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13.037298Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13.037298Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2309.15531","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0I/3NmmioKmVp1r8WuOaaTE256ZUNXvQFVEF4SFDV9ScXfDqzjSN+4mV1mZgBlpfFMLiZ2H6KKROBteJDxL8Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T02:45:33.766195Z"},"content_sha256":"7695d5ea7f3bde07cf74ca2c20024deb45e4eaf3515479383f4ab19cde085991","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7695d5ea7f3bde07cf74ca2c20024deb45e4eaf3515479383f4ab19cde085991"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Rethinking Channel Dimensions to Isolate Outliers for Low-bit Weight Quantization of Large Language Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Beomseok Kwon, Byeongwook Kim, Dongsoo Lee, Jeonghoon Kim, Jung Hwan Heo, Se Jung Kwon","submitted_at":"2023-09-27T09:48:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable success across various tasks. However, efficiently serving LLMs has been a challenge due to the large memory bottleneck, specifically in small batch inference settings (e.g. mobile devices). Weight-only quantization can be a promising approach, but sub-4 bit quantization remains a challenge due to large-magnitude activation outliers. To mitigate the undesirable outlier effect, we first propose per-IC quantization, a simple yet effective method that creates quantization groups within each input channel (IC) rather than the conve"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.15531","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2309.15531/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YJXRI3LeOY3d23RLdViUy4OU13h9+lkmvVHhYIjCIcMXRAAu0XOnFmD6nUJvYKc01WLukliDgCro8xVFZAjCAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T02:45:33.766585Z"},"content_sha256":"a89718cd52a294f14909fda24dece82207f3ac482b84c5925cd69634143aa721","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a89718cd52a294f14909fda24dece82207f3ac482b84c5925cd69634143aa721"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T02:45:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQHJP5TA4IBR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"29f7b2bef0c3f946aeef33e575d61f982976f7bf3c214ca9ec9d26502872a76f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-09-27T09:48:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"a2c24b65c0adedd0c59fc8d4df4d77a2277aec6a6411cd359de5c2555965dee4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.15531","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.15531","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.15531v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.15531","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IUBUP3YA3XPN","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IUBUP3YA3XPNKTMQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IUBUP3YA","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a89718cd52a294f14909fda24dece82207f3ac482b84c5925cd69634143aa721","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2309.15531/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable success across various tasks. However, efficiently serving LLMs has been a challenge due to the large memory bottleneck, specifically in small batch inference settings (e.g. mobile devices). Weight-only quantization can be a promising approach, but sub-4 bit quantization remains a challenge due to large-magnitude activation outliers. To mitigate the undesirable outlier effect, we first propose per-IC quantization, a simple yet effective method that creates quantization groups within each input channel (IC) rather than the conve","authors_text":"Beomseok Kwon, Byeongwook Kim, Dongsoo Lee, Jeonghoon Kim, Jung Hwan Heo, Se Jung Kwon","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-09-27T09:48:31Z","title":"Rethinking Channel Dimensions to Isolate Outliers for Low-bit Weight Quantization of Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.15531","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7695d5ea7f3bde07cf74ca2c20024deb45e4eaf3515479383f4ab19cde085991","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"29f7b2bef0c3f946aeef33e575d61f982976f7bf3c214ca9ec9d26502872a76f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-09-27T09:48:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"a2c24b65c0adedd0c59fc8d4df4d77a2277aec6a6411cd359de5c2555965dee4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.15531","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"450347ef00ddded54d903a5fd983880c54d424ae58ef62951c9f890dd7013d09","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"450347ef00ddded54d903a5fd983880c54d424ae58ef62951c9f890dd7013d09","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13.037298Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13.037298Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ypyqQfLafQib585k4cR0uP2xWFNOQ132mp8j64bm7GgttDysIlnGB9ihwoWLzd2560qJAtVVMFxsJL7zau5bBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:48:13.037780Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2309.15531","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7695d5ea7f3bde07cf74ca2c20024deb45e4eaf3515479383f4ab19cde085991","sha256:a89718cd52a294f14909fda24dece82207f3ac482b84c5925cd69634143aa721"],"state_sha256":"604eadf59bc6860031987d49fe19a74135b8dc127149256ea30c6f59c410864b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oWLskCrDWLsTUDBX8a1+YxCMp8U4ztsoIGJ+Os1KpZxmLrxP2tHvBs6GTwXyXGCKCaGxZXDhZMMm0f32quQZDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T02:45:33.768727Z","bundle_sha256":"0549f767cf5c8a477979b5d37cf6b65fb9910985973c85ebc0f1d51bdef86215"}}