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Xing ${et}$ ${al}$., Adv. Mater. {\\bf 20}, 3521 (2008).], by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). From the XPS and XAS results, we find that the Cu atoms are in the \"Cu$^{3+}$\" state with mixture of Cu$^{2+}$ in the bulk region ($\\sim$ 100 nm), and that \"Cu$^{3+}$\" ions are dominant in the surface region ($\\sim$ 5 nm), i.e., the surface electronic stru"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1110.3481","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","submitted_at":"2011-10-16T12:52:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b896507e97a51687add14882adce5a7d4c2b8e144fac870a3c5ca8061fea9678","abstract_canon_sha256":"38b98e3079eec0b9dea918ec77c1c565a30d44033f2959c5ba2cfa2ef66cab40"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:10:49.064460Z","signature_b64":"vKrLLOMecGvyU4+ivc85IZjeXPjzHc5jPodaO4MfcJUjt8k/f4n2H6iGi5Q7ZYn6hGLeFCAziSkNcPHmC1KHCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4f7f07062b4d826cb6015772ff4debbd1b4fb122b80c4d72b95150f16efd70db","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:10:49.063982Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:10:49.063982Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Ferromagnetic interaction between Cu ions in the bulk region of Cu-doped ZnO nanowires","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mtrl-sci","authors_text":"A. 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