{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN","short_pith_number":"pith:JTTY63II","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1303.1454","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-03-06T14:18:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"07c01d2cfeab4353fb47996ee9372a0cbdf74904f6cc2ee90224a236747b0137","abstract_canon_sha256":"ef96c1076f6e29c6ce4197b7c1c129639eca95f97f53d949afe7d3ea36577b53"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4ce78f6d08f6c7e7c15feb8e7a0e73135be257e03a85b2f76ba2f16bddb30673","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1303.1454","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1303.1454","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1303.1454v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1303.1454","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JTTY63II63D6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JTTY63II63D6PQK7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JTTY63II","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:49Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1303.1454","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-03-06T14:18:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"07c01d2cfeab4353fb47996ee9372a0cbdf74904f6cc2ee90224a236747b0137","abstract_canon_sha256":"ef96c1076f6e29c6ce4197b7c1c129639eca95f97f53d949afe7d3ea36577b53"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4ce78f6d08f6c7e7c15feb8e7a0e73135be257e03a85b2f76ba2f16bddb30673","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42.873295Z","signature_b64":"vZBOxSP5a73mu1XEUPbKYqH5hFmNkywQGSnSX9LajBNNX18BEBYH8lJ9rXA83n3og5UBM8MM+j7igd7dxv9sDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4ce78f6d08f6c7e7c15feb8e7a0e73135be257e03a85b2f76ba2f16bddb30673","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42.872814Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42.872814Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1303.1454","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7mNvKnTcbjqvUOEF89smVfDyoq9xSAB2nCNUpU+WfSLe+iPkGEbDX8/ygSaWwb/43FczBFCYCzbEMTOXYCbbDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T13:17:22.611563Z"},"content_sha256":"e92b3fd92da4eb0933dcb87b78ee39226b0f2ac4378e3269670d91df46b34ac9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e92b3fd92da4eb0933dcb87b78ee39226b0f2ac4378e3269670d91df46b34ac9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Causality in Bayesian Belief Networks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Herbert A. Simon, Marek J. Druzdzel","submitted_at":"2013-03-06T14:18:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"We address the problem of causal interpretation of the graphical structure of Bayesian belief networks (BBNs).  We review the concept of causality explicated in the domain of structural equations models and show that it is applicable to BBNs.  In this view, which we call mechanism-based, causality is defined within models and causal asymmetries arise when mechanisms are placed in the context of a system.  We lay the link between structural equations models and BBNs models and formulate the conditions under which the latter can be given causal interpretation."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1303.1454","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"dfnZS+0tJr/0ZtZnSRj5EO/TM+UJ7LnIYYKHZvqrCA/6j51Uu3CVeTLiRarG5VOTNaeshY9FcA+tLavC73yKCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T13:17:22.611890Z"},"content_sha256":"8e04220d11b6460882d0ce28a78282ddddab858c189f2e1dc5f875c446cef074","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8e04220d11b6460882d0ce28a78282ddddab858c189f2e1dc5f875c446cef074"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-23T13:17:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:JTTY63II63D6PQK75OHHUDTTCN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ef96c1076f6e29c6ce4197b7c1c129639eca95f97f53d949afe7d3ea36577b53","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-03-06T14:18:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"07c01d2cfeab4353fb47996ee9372a0cbdf74904f6cc2ee90224a236747b0137"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1303.1454","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1303.1454","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1303.1454v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1303.1454","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JTTY63II63D6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JTTY63II63D6PQK7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JTTY63II","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:49Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8e04220d11b6460882d0ce28a78282ddddab858c189f2e1dc5f875c446cef074","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We address the problem of causal interpretation of the graphical structure of Bayesian belief networks (BBNs).  We review the concept of causality explicated in the domain of structural equations models and show that it is applicable to BBNs.  In this view, which we call mechanism-based, causality is defined within models and causal asymmetries arise when mechanisms are placed in the context of a system.  We lay the link between structural equations models and BBNs models and formulate the conditions under which the latter can be given causal interpretation.","authors_text":"Herbert A. Simon, Marek J. Druzdzel","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-03-06T14:18:23Z","title":"Causality in Bayesian Belief Networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1303.1454","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e92b3fd92da4eb0933dcb87b78ee39226b0f2ac4378e3269670d91df46b34ac9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ef96c1076f6e29c6ce4197b7c1c129639eca95f97f53d949afe7d3ea36577b53","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2013-03-06T14:18:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"07c01d2cfeab4353fb47996ee9372a0cbdf74904f6cc2ee90224a236747b0137"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1303.1454","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"4ce78f6d08f6c7e7c15feb8e7a0e73135be257e03a85b2f76ba2f16bddb30673","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4ce78f6d08f6c7e7c15feb8e7a0e73135be257e03a85b2f76ba2f16bddb30673","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42.872814Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42.872814Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"vZBOxSP5a73mu1XEUPbKYqH5hFmNkywQGSnSX9LajBNNX18BEBYH8lJ9rXA83n3og5UBM8MM+j7igd7dxv9sDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:31:42.873295Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1303.1454","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e92b3fd92da4eb0933dcb87b78ee39226b0f2ac4378e3269670d91df46b34ac9","sha256:8e04220d11b6460882d0ce28a78282ddddab858c189f2e1dc5f875c446cef074"],"state_sha256":"aa4e0e3a374d4719072b941620495cc32ea94a81a4eeb1e25ec0febf46f52bc6"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"K0Z8mWvMMMDqkeXrNBq5ZHIIhT0uO4V95Ru7paYSLqDVaDJvFXh5nQvQq2a7FYeRc2sNBxcKuJOqfTr4QjqtBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T13:17:22.613727Z","bundle_sha256":"2f3723545e3c819d37f3dd665f215820d1ec4fb72283cff09d263b8a5bbe8a82"}}