{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2026:K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB","short_pith_number":"pith:K4ZPO7T4","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"5732f77e7c56d4275fc04765ba21d8b86cc37eaad00c561bc86902f14b3a1f4b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2602.13975","version":3},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Ion Concentration and Voltage Imaging with Fluorescent Nanodiamonds","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"Fluorescent nanodiamonds enable optical imaging of voltage and ion concentrations via NV charge-state switching.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","authors_text":"Anita Quigley, Hiroshi Abe, Nikolai Dontschuk, Patrick Voorhoeve, Philipp Reineck, Qiang Sun, Rob Kapsa, Takeshi Ohshima","submitted_at":"2026-02-15T03:26:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond exists in different charge states with distinct photoluminescence properties, which are sensitive to the nanoscale electrochemical environment. Hence, the NV charge state is emerging as a powerful all-optical platform for nanoscale sensing and imaging. Although significant progress has been made in engineering near-surface NV centers in bulk diamond, controlling the NV charge state in fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) has proven challenging, limiting the sensitivity and reliability of FND-based charge state sensing. Here, we demonstrate reliable, rever"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2602.13975","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2026-02-15T03:26:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"5a6bf8673594438548c9ee69892f63f4182defcf58ad9a6acf088ade82611e9c","abstract_canon_sha256":"e435c4ad6fa893b7dc3904951ad5cca1fa941d48d9603fead46c42cf8c543f4b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665729Z","signature_b64":"rwy3sJAu746chMUoW/qZZ4OuwylitxaniWmTVc5P5t0XIGwDHSKTE6u5tSur5hs8VO6eKwK1sGcCa3dVmZ8BDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5732f77e7c56d4275fc04765ba21d8b86cc37eaad00c561bc86902f14b3a1f4b","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665301Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665301Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Ion Concentration and Voltage Imaging with Fluorescent Nanodiamonds","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"Fluorescent nanodiamonds enable optical imaging of voltage and ion concentrations via NV charge-state switching.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","authors_text":"Anita Quigley, Hiroshi Abe, Nikolai Dontschuk, Patrick Voorhoeve, Philipp Reineck, Qiang Sun, Rob Kapsa, Takeshi Ohshima","submitted_at":"2026-02-15T03:26:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond exists in different charge states with distinct photoluminescence properties, which are sensitive to the nanoscale electrochemical environment. Hence, the NV charge state is emerging as a powerful all-optical platform for nanoscale sensing and imaging. Although significant progress has been made in engineering near-surface NV centers in bulk diamond, controlling the NV charge state in fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) has proven challenging, limiting the sensitivity and reliability of FND-based charge state sensing. Here, we demonstrate reliable, rever"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"In aqueous electrochemical cells, we demonstrate voltage and ion concentration imaging based on the NV charge state in self-assembled FND layers on transparent substrates. Applied voltages reliably modulate the FND PL with a sensitivity of up to 16 mV Hz^{-1/2}. FND PL is also modulated by local changes in salt concentration with a sensitivity of up to 1.8% per millimolar NaCl.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The observed photoluminescence modulation is caused by controlled switching between NV^0 and NV^+ charge states rather than other surface or environmental effects such as pH drift or temperature changes in the aqueous cell.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Fluorescent nanodiamonds enable all-optical imaging of voltage (up to 16 mV Hz^{-1/2}) and ion concentration (1.8% per mM NaCl) via reversible NV charge state switching in aqueous cells.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Fluorescent nanodiamonds enable optical imaging of voltage and ion concentrations via NV charge-state switching.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"921fcc1435445fef762536befb4f1b697fe2c9829fe5ac0f9447c74551502b87"},"source":{"id":"2602.13975","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":"8b580672-bc66-4405-9e9e-cb62c953e3cc","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T22:25:49.205958Z","strongest_claim":"In aqueous electrochemical cells, we demonstrate voltage and ion concentration imaging based on the NV charge state in self-assembled FND layers on transparent substrates. Applied voltages reliably modulate the FND PL with a sensitivity of up to 16 mV Hz^{-1/2}. FND PL is also modulated by local changes in salt concentration with a sensitivity of up to 1.8% per millimolar NaCl.","one_line_summary":"Fluorescent nanodiamonds enable all-optical imaging of voltage (up to 16 mV Hz^{-1/2}) and ion concentration (1.8% per mM NaCl) via reversible NV charge state switching in aqueous cells.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The observed photoluminescence modulation is caused by controlled switching between NV^0 and NV^+ charge states rather than other surface or environmental effects such as pH drift or temperature changes in the aqueous cell.","pith_extraction_headline":"Fluorescent nanodiamonds enable optical imaging of voltage and ion concentrations via NV charge-state switching."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2602.13975/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2602.13975","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2602.13975v3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.13975","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"K4ZPO7T4K3KC","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6A","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"K4ZPO7T4","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB","json":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/K4ZPO7T4"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/K4ZPO7T4","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2602.13975&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/K4ZPO7T4K3KCOX6AI5S3UIOYXB/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00","updated_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:18.665385+00:00"}