{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6","short_pith_number":"pith:KA3H2WBQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2102.04270","kind":"arxiv","version":6},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-02-08T15:06:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"title_canon_sha256":"5db4231de39cd4b137d735a0c911e4a77de18fc07a9c532e0093dfe039ac6991","abstract_canon_sha256":"7d45e3f49745a5b68d0447f6b1a392deac2d19ffc9bda3fad3f6e4772c35dd6b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"50367d5830ced9417fc3504b2bcfcf47b543d3a3ceb518df37b09d18a484d566","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2102.04270","version":6},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2102.04270","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2102.04270v6","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2102.04270","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KA3H2WBQZ3MU","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76D","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KA3H2WBQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2102.04270","kind":"arxiv","version":6},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-02-08T15:06:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"title_canon_sha256":"5db4231de39cd4b137d735a0c911e4a77de18fc07a9c532e0093dfe039ac6991","abstract_canon_sha256":"7d45e3f49745a5b68d0447f6b1a392deac2d19ffc9bda3fad3f6e4772c35dd6b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"50367d5830ced9417fc3504b2bcfcf47b543d3a3ceb518df37b09d18a484d566","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27.989925Z","signature_b64":"TqXvkAZDerGZrWO/RBOPzY+8nUM3BioeR9AVvKOBcq8INVJpZePW2WWWfiHbtFzhZUC9tn3M5KDNUNYt/RBDAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"50367d5830ced9417fc3504b2bcfcf47b543d3a3ceb518df37b09d18a484d566","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27.989461Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27.989461Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2102.04270","source_version":6,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bhJNGqHZbIaxurOwYm9sjIv4pPa5Q9z7uZLZnS5Q22UqD6tjQYq2DYU5b4Dpz7vihtEt9uKUjDwgZJbyLaXcCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T08:57:59.033696Z"},"content_sha256":"4a9789b4e28dc23f4076e9082224a6cf823c8338135413b9ce1e3206b278f9e4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4a9789b4e28dc23f4076e9082224a6cf823c8338135413b9ce1e3206b278f9e4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Enabling Binary Neural Network Training on the Edge","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AR"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Claudionor Coelho, Daniele Moro, Erwei Wang, George A. Constantinides, James J. Davis, Jia Jie Lim, Peter Y. K. Cheung, Piotr Zielinski, Satrajit Chatterjee","submitted_at":"2021-02-08T15:06:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"The ever-growing computational demands of increasingly complex machine learning models frequently necessitate the use of powerful cloud-based infrastructure for their training. Binary neural networks are known to be promising candidates for on-device inference due to their extreme compute and memory savings over higher-precision alternatives. However, their existing training methods require the concurrent storage of high-precision activations for all layers, generally making learning on memory-constrained devices infeasible. In this article, we demonstrate that the backward propagation operati"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2102.04270","kind":"arxiv","version":6},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2102.04270/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fRJMCtCtqS2TFrZ0BKYVoUz19DgeFwN0ps4gfZb9HAXjHS8GON05CpnPRcUdBCbTL6lXh1zlMFa5V4hmvDb2AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T08:57:59.034071Z"},"content_sha256":"86f601fcbaf770f25cf09a33a94384e502cbb4754512aa972a6d8436001e2470","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:86f601fcbaf770f25cf09a33a94384e502cbb4754512aa972a6d8436001e2470"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T08:57:59Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76DKBFSXT6PI6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7d45e3f49745a5b68d0447f6b1a392deac2d19ffc9bda3fad3f6e4772c35dd6b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-02-08T15:06:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"5db4231de39cd4b137d735a0c911e4a77de18fc07a9c532e0093dfe039ac6991"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2102.04270","kind":"arxiv","version":6}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2102.04270","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2102.04270v6","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2102.04270","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KA3H2WBQZ3MU","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KA3H2WBQZ3MUC76D","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KA3H2WBQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:86f601fcbaf770f25cf09a33a94384e502cbb4754512aa972a6d8436001e2470","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2102.04270/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The ever-growing computational demands of increasingly complex machine learning models frequently necessitate the use of powerful cloud-based infrastructure for their training. Binary neural networks are known to be promising candidates for on-device inference due to their extreme compute and memory savings over higher-precision alternatives. However, their existing training methods require the concurrent storage of high-precision activations for all layers, generally making learning on memory-constrained devices infeasible. In this article, we demonstrate that the backward propagation operati","authors_text":"Claudionor Coelho, Daniele Moro, Erwei Wang, George A. Constantinides, James J. Davis, Jia Jie Lim, Peter Y. K. Cheung, Piotr Zielinski, Satrajit Chatterjee","cross_cats":["cs.AR"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-02-08T15:06:41Z","title":"Enabling Binary Neural Network Training on the Edge"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2102.04270","kind":"arxiv","version":6},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4a9789b4e28dc23f4076e9082224a6cf823c8338135413b9ce1e3206b278f9e4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7d45e3f49745a5b68d0447f6b1a392deac2d19ffc9bda3fad3f6e4772c35dd6b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-02-08T15:06:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"5db4231de39cd4b137d735a0c911e4a77de18fc07a9c532e0093dfe039ac6991"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2102.04270","kind":"arxiv","version":6}},"canonical_sha256":"50367d5830ced9417fc3504b2bcfcf47b543d3a3ceb518df37b09d18a484d566","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"50367d5830ced9417fc3504b2bcfcf47b543d3a3ceb518df37b09d18a484d566","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27.989461Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27.989461Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"TqXvkAZDerGZrWO/RBOPzY+8nUM3BioeR9AVvKOBcq8INVJpZePW2WWWfiHbtFzhZUC9tn3M5KDNUNYt/RBDAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:53:27.989925Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2102.04270","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":6}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4a9789b4e28dc23f4076e9082224a6cf823c8338135413b9ce1e3206b278f9e4","sha256:86f601fcbaf770f25cf09a33a94384e502cbb4754512aa972a6d8436001e2470"],"state_sha256":"6b9c5324189a39f1775335230c457499e101f6ca07bfb4a2ec9d0b044b890ee1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VdXLyNDt8MZrXcemiRO4xzdQf4D6tJilTp95C3YehrJhDMCyFn4QWnqE3PLMEbjiWDRQhJwTRwf3+v7oKXHJDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T08:57:59.036072Z","bundle_sha256":"5b8f2db8cda60a8db8b803d21df2e99dac2a77bc2073338c719310b1ba6cd8b1"}}