{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL","short_pith_number":"pith:KBPMUJ5J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.01540","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-02-03T17:17:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"4f3fc2321d19728b0d90d52df1b135ba52e4547642407e815310e6a421d55a3b","abstract_canon_sha256":"3cf684453adbaae2748fc39cbab874c51b939c7aca8507a04518d705d1307c10"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"505eca27a90d82bd6127f85a127bc23af6ed58ecdd1bbf64a40dc40391c2bc5d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2502.01540","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.01540","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.01540v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.01540","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KBPMUJ5JBWBL","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KBPMUJ5J","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.01540","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-02-03T17:17:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"4f3fc2321d19728b0d90d52df1b135ba52e4547642407e815310e6a421d55a3b","abstract_canon_sha256":"3cf684453adbaae2748fc39cbab874c51b939c7aca8507a04518d705d1307c10"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"505eca27a90d82bd6127f85a127bc23af6ed58ecdd1bbf64a40dc40391c2bc5d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56.449696Z","signature_b64":"7kUNP+jMZm3orvYLY9wX8jwvDJK9GQ+JEtUiiw1m4crJ9ikyLV/DGEEDEewM0Kr6+Sf9lQVzTgyrq4pLTsirBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"505eca27a90d82bd6127f85a127bc23af6ed58ecdd1bbf64a40dc40391c2bc5d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56.448252Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56.448252Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2502.01540","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Ouk4+WPqGMJlqShrxMM3UHe1Wyl2IUj0Jzuhs/AkW5RwVRpAWIEuDhmwOxNTV3e+uEa9HMHDuoQRRows+RAbAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T04:15:32.967397Z"},"content_sha256":"93d410686ac8297052c03c461b07d04cfef14edf10a1857d7b342ccd21933341","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:93d410686ac8297052c03c461b07d04cfef14edf10a1857d7b342ccd21933341"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"What is a Number, That a Large Language Model May Know It?","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Ilia Sucholutsky, Raja Marjieh, Thomas L. Griffiths, Veniamin Veselovsky","submitted_at":"2025-02-03T17:17:26Z","abstract_excerpt":"Numbers are a basic part of how humans represent and describe the world around them. As a consequence, learning effective representations of numbers is critical for the success of large language models as they become more integrated into everyday decisions. However, these models face a challenge: depending on context, the same sequence of digit tokens, e.g., 911, can be treated as a number or as a string. What kind of representations arise from this duality, and what are its downstream implications? Using a similarity-based prompting technique from cognitive science, we show that LLMs learn re"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.01540","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2502.01540/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"p9A/4tGcriJWSQX5sjYF6zPViUgayLf/bHtb9RmIzVzhFJi25x0FeBB0zmLNiJ2ZW2j/CvfnxxsQO0zSGaXwBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T04:15:32.967939Z"},"content_sha256":"02337fc0f3bd15692317b87a19ed32275560d7999257e3fdd7fc4d8841a1d39c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:02337fc0f3bd15692317b87a19ed32275560d7999257e3fdd7fc4d8841a1d39c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-23T04:15:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH7BNBE66CHL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3cf684453adbaae2748fc39cbab874c51b939c7aca8507a04518d705d1307c10","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-02-03T17:17:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"4f3fc2321d19728b0d90d52df1b135ba52e4547642407e815310e6a421d55a3b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.01540","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.01540","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.01540v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.01540","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KBPMUJ5JBWBL","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KBPMUJ5JBWBL2YJH","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KBPMUJ5J","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:02337fc0f3bd15692317b87a19ed32275560d7999257e3fdd7fc4d8841a1d39c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2502.01540/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Numbers are a basic part of how humans represent and describe the world around them. As a consequence, learning effective representations of numbers is critical for the success of large language models as they become more integrated into everyday decisions. However, these models face a challenge: depending on context, the same sequence of digit tokens, e.g., 911, can be treated as a number or as a string. What kind of representations arise from this duality, and what are its downstream implications? Using a similarity-based prompting technique from cognitive science, we show that LLMs learn re","authors_text":"Ilia Sucholutsky, Raja Marjieh, Thomas L. Griffiths, Veniamin Veselovsky","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-02-03T17:17:26Z","title":"What is a Number, That a Large Language Model May Know It?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.01540","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:93d410686ac8297052c03c461b07d04cfef14edf10a1857d7b342ccd21933341","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3cf684453adbaae2748fc39cbab874c51b939c7aca8507a04518d705d1307c10","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-02-03T17:17:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"4f3fc2321d19728b0d90d52df1b135ba52e4547642407e815310e6a421d55a3b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.01540","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"505eca27a90d82bd6127f85a127bc23af6ed58ecdd1bbf64a40dc40391c2bc5d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"505eca27a90d82bd6127f85a127bc23af6ed58ecdd1bbf64a40dc40391c2bc5d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56.448252Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56.448252Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7kUNP+jMZm3orvYLY9wX8jwvDJK9GQ+JEtUiiw1m4crJ9ikyLV/DGEEDEewM0Kr6+Sf9lQVzTgyrq4pLTsirBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:56.449696Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2502.01540","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:93d410686ac8297052c03c461b07d04cfef14edf10a1857d7b342ccd21933341","sha256:02337fc0f3bd15692317b87a19ed32275560d7999257e3fdd7fc4d8841a1d39c"],"state_sha256":"779d6ff33d876535360bb87050f90bdfb3afd46284500b8141d0093255b02d3e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eb5rCD1PPkm/DodnA0G5Sx9/gDPDW/JHT3DvlzSXlawmJYdBCNz3PcCcVYSNw22WUGOd8RfzBR/nFx6s2T1cCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T04:15:32.973005Z","bundle_sha256":"4c29ea1a3dfb0850565f3bdbaed2cc7454fce1c55447f9743087923814a8c002"}}