{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7","short_pith_number":"pith:KJWRFKBA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1808.06219","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-08-19T15:12:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ee48cbf0616589a5ef2c6bf3892e72938570973bf6e500a9616bf71b70c61f10","abstract_canon_sha256":"ee0331296916acd0f55f6fbccf2a65a733036bd1a3c480491e19cc4da860600c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"526d12a820dae94eea9810f258fde277e2322e9fdefff6424fdc706cc49d7ab9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1808.06219","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1808.06219","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1808.06219v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1808.06219","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KJWRFKBA3LUU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KJWRFKBA3LUU52UY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KJWRFKBA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1808.06219","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-08-19T15:12:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ee48cbf0616589a5ef2c6bf3892e72938570973bf6e500a9616bf71b70c61f10","abstract_canon_sha256":"ee0331296916acd0f55f6fbccf2a65a733036bd1a3c480491e19cc4da860600c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"526d12a820dae94eea9810f258fde277e2322e9fdefff6424fdc706cc49d7ab9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55.680038Z","signature_b64":"fZUIxh4wVb02BfWJ5XjTbf4AszyDAUqPptBW4EkIl6VpAaoa1opuCxOskmwR+tH7FiQL9svKq/l39u4iRa84DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"526d12a820dae94eea9810f258fde277e2322e9fdefff6424fdc706cc49d7ab9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55.679295Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55.679295Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1808.06219","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cuHLYXIPvVty/Cs7YqlsSOevOmGw3vy2UCJBK0edZHu1JNmdxwBmyMfF3CXiOiw1G7FBwA7TKDBY9AaH/VaHCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T08:58:27.730925Z"},"content_sha256":"1d7675738fb6fe53663f0477e163d58e6642297dbf1b80e6e404052d81892064","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1d7675738fb6fe53663f0477e163d58e6642297dbf1b80e6e404052d81892064"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Automatic Detection of Vague Words and Sentences in Privacy Policies","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Fei Liu, Logan Lebanoff","submitted_at":"2018-08-19T15:12:19Z","abstract_excerpt":"Website privacy policies represent the single most important source of information for users to gauge how their personal data are collected, used and shared by companies. However, privacy policies are often vague and people struggle to understand the content. Their opaqueness poses a significant challenge to both users and policy regulators. In this paper, we seek to identify vague content in privacy policies. We construct the first corpus of human-annotated vague words and sentences and present empirical studies on automatic vagueness detection. In particular, we investigate context-aware and"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1808.06219","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"klFRXdrP6FbdLBm7S5TfZ40HxYCuH0Ay300Pxj5vox+WOl9hKv5l8IpayGzBN65axE9Qb+J+W4RywYEnTlEkCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T08:58:27.731262Z"},"content_sha256":"6b96bf9b3c65222cb38c9ba58724782c31ca950a41492825988525a2d93534ee","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6b96bf9b3c65222cb38c9ba58724782c31ca950a41492825988525a2d93534ee"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-24T08:58:27Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KJWRFKBA3LUU52UYCDZFR7PCO7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ee0331296916acd0f55f6fbccf2a65a733036bd1a3c480491e19cc4da860600c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-08-19T15:12:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"ee48cbf0616589a5ef2c6bf3892e72938570973bf6e500a9616bf71b70c61f10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1808.06219","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1808.06219","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1808.06219v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1808.06219","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KJWRFKBA3LUU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KJWRFKBA3LUU52UY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KJWRFKBA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6b96bf9b3c65222cb38c9ba58724782c31ca950a41492825988525a2d93534ee","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Website privacy policies represent the single most important source of information for users to gauge how their personal data are collected, used and shared by companies. However, privacy policies are often vague and people struggle to understand the content. Their opaqueness poses a significant challenge to both users and policy regulators. In this paper, we seek to identify vague content in privacy policies. We construct the first corpus of human-annotated vague words and sentences and present empirical studies on automatic vagueness detection. In particular, we investigate context-aware and","authors_text":"Fei Liu, Logan Lebanoff","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-08-19T15:12:19Z","title":"Automatic Detection of Vague Words and Sentences in Privacy Policies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1808.06219","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1d7675738fb6fe53663f0477e163d58e6642297dbf1b80e6e404052d81892064","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ee0331296916acd0f55f6fbccf2a65a733036bd1a3c480491e19cc4da860600c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-08-19T15:12:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"ee48cbf0616589a5ef2c6bf3892e72938570973bf6e500a9616bf71b70c61f10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1808.06219","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"526d12a820dae94eea9810f258fde277e2322e9fdefff6424fdc706cc49d7ab9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"526d12a820dae94eea9810f258fde277e2322e9fdefff6424fdc706cc49d7ab9","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55.679295Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55.679295Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"fZUIxh4wVb02BfWJ5XjTbf4AszyDAUqPptBW4EkIl6VpAaoa1opuCxOskmwR+tH7FiQL9svKq/l39u4iRa84DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:06:55.680038Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1808.06219","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1d7675738fb6fe53663f0477e163d58e6642297dbf1b80e6e404052d81892064","sha256:6b96bf9b3c65222cb38c9ba58724782c31ca950a41492825988525a2d93534ee"],"state_sha256":"8c4ce46cd62789e952e99f6b5798c02a3185d74b77ee095e43426a40af44a526"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Gb8ZTqHbUrI0PQXsowlp/vLdCAwaxdesFY+Pqgv0sTscUigR3skd9U5+6kVulSulOFD61txNQaMi8lbfa8H7Cw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T08:58:27.733198Z","bundle_sha256":"c2a8e377398b018a9721365310602cee715fb820e38cb50f48ceca499b4512a5"}}