{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2025:LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR","short_pith_number":"pith:LSIQ2D3N","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"5c910d0f6d545b3e36c972735f7aecac694ebc8ee729624031659cea29985e30","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2512.05929","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"LLM Harms: A Taxonomy and Discussion","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","headline":"A taxonomy of LLM harms across five lifecycle stages supports mitigation strategies and a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Abhejay Murali, Amit Dhurandhar, David Atkinson, Junfeng Jiao, Kevin Chen, Saleh Afroogh","submitted_at":"2025-12-05T18:12:21Z","abstract_excerpt":"This study addresses categories of harm surrounding Large Language Models (LLMs) in the field of artificial intelligence. It addresses five categories of harms addressed before, during, and after development of AI applications: pre-development, direct output, Misuse and Malicious Application, and downstream application. By underscoring the need to define risks of the current landscape to ensure accountability, transparency and navigating bias when adapting LLMs for practical applications. It proposes mitigation strategies and future directions for specific domains and a dynamic auditing system"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":true,"formal_links_present":true},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2512.05929","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-12-05T18:12:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"2cf3232237ec6493524fc3baa3b639656b199b95bdad91cb322e008107a06c59","abstract_canon_sha256":"8c9178fbeb402fadf5dbd65658188556f1b0aec451871b200f3b4565c4666ef8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.663743Z","signature_b64":"mcInAFr1Uwlpn6PCq1afr2XQFmZDrK2/YEoHg2mguOHadW2aScJN0fZOoTBJz2/ffXVhYi5HQ/K6FwA3SLuYAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5c910d0f6d545b3e36c972735f7aecac694ebc8ee729624031659cea29985e30","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.662747Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.662747Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"LLM Harms: A Taxonomy and Discussion","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","headline":"A taxonomy of LLM harms across five lifecycle stages supports mitigation strategies and a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Abhejay Murali, Amit Dhurandhar, David Atkinson, Junfeng Jiao, Kevin Chen, Saleh Afroogh","submitted_at":"2025-12-05T18:12:21Z","abstract_excerpt":"This study addresses categories of harm surrounding Large Language Models (LLMs) in the field of artificial intelligence. It addresses five categories of harms addressed before, during, and after development of AI applications: pre-development, direct output, Misuse and Malicious Application, and downstream application. By underscoring the need to define risks of the current landscape to ensure accountability, transparency and navigating bias when adapting LLMs for practical applications. It proposes mitigation strategies and future directions for specific domains and a dynamic auditing system"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"It proposes mitigation strategies and future directions for specific domains and a dynamic auditing system guiding responsible development and integration of LLMs in a standardized proposal.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the listed categories (pre-development, direct output, misuse and malicious application, downstream application) plus an implied fifth category comprehensively capture all relevant LLM harms without significant omissions.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"This paper proposes a taxonomy of LLM harms in five categories and suggests mitigation strategies plus a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"A taxonomy of LLM harms across five lifecycle stages supports mitigation strategies and a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"d54f52ccbd7ccd7d4a7af83f040d78cc44788fa03593701ab4cbb3a6383465e5"},"source":{"id":"2512.05929","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"a9e43f29-1640-4fe0-b763-7cbfa2b0cb43","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T00:23:54.873145Z","strongest_claim":"It proposes mitigation strategies and future directions for specific domains and a dynamic auditing system guiding responsible development and integration of LLMs in a standardized proposal.","one_line_summary":"This paper proposes a taxonomy of LLM harms in five categories and suggests mitigation strategies plus a dynamic auditing system for responsible development.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the listed categories (pre-development, direct output, misuse and malicious application, downstream application) plus an implied fifth category comprehensively capture all relevant LLM harms without significant omissions.","pith_extraction_headline":"A taxonomy of LLM harms across five lifecycle stages supports mitigation strategies and a dynamic auditing system for responsible development."},"references":{"count":265,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"OpenAI’s ChatGPT to hit 700 million weekly users, up 4x from last year","work_id":"7f0028ab-373f-4f15-bab7-aa27f425c933","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"ChatGPT continues to be one of the fastest-growing services ever | The Verge","work_id":"10c8240c-7524-4dba-983a-1ff85c53135e","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.54394/hetp0387","year":2025,"title":"Generative AI and jobs,","work_id":"b1f24907-5e6e-4a30-b2de-55a66c003367","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"International AI Safety Report 2025 - GOV .UK","work_id":"3a25e8de-faff-49d0-a6ff-60f323c31338","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models","work_id":"c018fc23-6f3f-4035-9d02-28a2173b2b9d","ref_index":6,"cited_arxiv_id":"2302.13971","is_internal_anchor":true}],"resolved_work":265,"snapshot_sha256":"02adde3a005769c6d8f254cfa6436fdfc54bb593004d9bd4a3e2c47aa866dc46","internal_anchors":19},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"dd5094581af1089897f33f8a698e006c6f2791f849be0fb551c7ea26dbda0964"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2512.05929","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.662909+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2512.05929v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.662909+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.05929","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.662909+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LSIQ2D3NKRNT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37.589309+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37.589309+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LSIQ2D3N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37.589309+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":1,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2604.27365","citing_title":"From Notepad AI to Social Media: How Can Text Style Transformation Mitigate Social Harm?","ref_index":5,"is_internal_anchor":true}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR","json":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/LSIQ2D3N"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/LSIQ2D3N","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2512.05929&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/LSIQ2D3NKRNT4NWJOJZV66XMVR/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.662909+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T03:10:11.662909+00:00"}