{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB","short_pith_number":"pith:NDI7UOKK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2112.01278","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-12-02T14:29:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"3d90ac405590536126de63ba1eeea6392f9e9bd77394c2ec310075f9164f01e8","abstract_canon_sha256":"48f864469deb9fd439cc9c949d768f3980935eb73fb091b0d28b34a99cd6860c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"68d1fa394af0261190646178e7e376106e878ab733db0fde4590df09e455da90","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2112.01278","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2112.01278","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2112.01278v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2112.01278","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NDI7UOKK6ATB","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDE","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NDI7UOKK","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2112.01278","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-12-02T14:29:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"3d90ac405590536126de63ba1eeea6392f9e9bd77394c2ec310075f9164f01e8","abstract_canon_sha256":"48f864469deb9fd439cc9c949d768f3980935eb73fb091b0d28b34a99cd6860c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"68d1fa394af0261190646178e7e376106e878ab733db0fde4590df09e455da90","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48.655277Z","signature_b64":"bJ4N+VyuAqmpAT9jggE1TOtGNkepC+tHP52RTJRT9udKHajqHIUM0MVNaoxlISrpiBBW1EOM4jf75Xw7arDRAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"68d1fa394af0261190646178e7e376106e878ab733db0fde4590df09e455da90","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48.654857Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48.654857Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2112.01278","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WxQCyu0+ifLeYHiBmhldbEizuG4DB56JedJ1XgSzYlAM+9hADBZBY/3sFSZlW6K9Q33v92BA9f81clyIeH2nCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T16:15:16.890265Z"},"content_sha256":"d7f018d91a78e6efca9ce2b4a14ffb512b5992bb2eba6d21b22d30429166cf03","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d7f018d91a78e6efca9ce2b4a14ffb512b5992bb2eba6d21b22d30429166cf03"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Where the Earth is flat and 9/11 is an inside job: A comparative algorithm audit of conspiratorial information in web search results","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.IR","authors_text":"Aleksandra Urman, Juhi Kulshrestha, Mykola Makhortykh, Roberto Ulloa","submitted_at":"2021-12-02T14:29:21Z","abstract_excerpt":"Web search engines are important online information intermediaries that are frequently used and highly trusted by the public despite multiple evidence of their outputs being subjected to inaccuracies and biases. One form of such inaccuracy, which so far received little scholarly attention, is the presence of conspiratorial information, namely pages promoting conspiracy theories. We address this gap by conducting a comparative algorithm audit to examine the distribution of conspiratorial information in search results across five search engines: Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo and Yandex. Using "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2112.01278","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2112.01278/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wJCFlTTi7cHK+6eHSS0PkS7DJKd1JZowlqqvV1BI3wNQgFXrULHo9LyutxK3tiQAt9kUqxe7vfX10YPyCGZ6CQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T16:15:16.891144Z"},"content_sha256":"8e6b4c1a43232f43804d5c20389a9860d0fbe8b73686fede624a419ea6df76d4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8e6b4c1a43232f43804d5c20389a9860d0fbe8b73686fede624a419ea6df76d4"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-14T16:15:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDEMF4OPY3WCB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"48f864469deb9fd439cc9c949d768f3980935eb73fb091b0d28b34a99cd6860c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-12-02T14:29:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"3d90ac405590536126de63ba1eeea6392f9e9bd77394c2ec310075f9164f01e8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2112.01278","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2112.01278","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2112.01278v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2112.01278","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NDI7UOKK6ATB","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NDI7UOKK6ATBDEDE","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NDI7UOKK","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8e6b4c1a43232f43804d5c20389a9860d0fbe8b73686fede624a419ea6df76d4","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2112.01278/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Web search engines are important online information intermediaries that are frequently used and highly trusted by the public despite multiple evidence of their outputs being subjected to inaccuracies and biases. One form of such inaccuracy, which so far received little scholarly attention, is the presence of conspiratorial information, namely pages promoting conspiracy theories. We address this gap by conducting a comparative algorithm audit to examine the distribution of conspiratorial information in search results across five search engines: Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo and Yandex. Using ","authors_text":"Aleksandra Urman, Juhi Kulshrestha, Mykola Makhortykh, Roberto Ulloa","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-12-02T14:29:21Z","title":"Where the Earth is flat and 9/11 is an inside job: A comparative algorithm audit of conspiratorial information in web search results"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2112.01278","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d7f018d91a78e6efca9ce2b4a14ffb512b5992bb2eba6d21b22d30429166cf03","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"48f864469deb9fd439cc9c949d768f3980935eb73fb091b0d28b34a99cd6860c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IR","submitted_at":"2021-12-02T14:29:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"3d90ac405590536126de63ba1eeea6392f9e9bd77394c2ec310075f9164f01e8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2112.01278","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"68d1fa394af0261190646178e7e376106e878ab733db0fde4590df09e455da90","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"68d1fa394af0261190646178e7e376106e878ab733db0fde4590df09e455da90","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48.654857Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48.654857Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"bJ4N+VyuAqmpAT9jggE1TOtGNkepC+tHP52RTJRT9udKHajqHIUM0MVNaoxlISrpiBBW1EOM4jf75Xw7arDRAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:37:48.655277Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2112.01278","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d7f018d91a78e6efca9ce2b4a14ffb512b5992bb2eba6d21b22d30429166cf03","sha256:8e6b4c1a43232f43804d5c20389a9860d0fbe8b73686fede624a419ea6df76d4"],"state_sha256":"b6ca87c4244e2cb7a5be136e2b1dee1ec740badb27dc4f4bcab9c93649815cbb"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fF0o5GjseKfY2vvpC0ZA7u/uxC1RAYYjArTR/vu363haqaA5hKXxgUc2GLEdGdLLQomQRip13q9t9QBlSljnBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T16:15:16.899074Z","bundle_sha256":"d28972a9325b4f52c88116791e841b22a1fe991ad3560be92003bd84af7be7c7"}}