{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5","short_pith_number":"pith:NLPXIVTV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1510.04700","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2015-10-15T20:04:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"title_canon_sha256":"d228a55fe902de5cdb1003f08d8c400e1795b37e1728f0f0b3e7f3838e6f2e43","abstract_canon_sha256":"38d086543159f67d80db9f053914137e9bcb671f5b49a7139ef690a53547caea"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6adf745675457a5f20defbb8922a1747422618050a3c45e6854a51fb5a609e8a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1510.04700","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1510.04700","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1510.04700v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1510.04700","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NLPXIVTVIV5F","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NLPXIVTV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1510.04700","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2015-10-15T20:04:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"title_canon_sha256":"d228a55fe902de5cdb1003f08d8c400e1795b37e1728f0f0b3e7f3838e6f2e43","abstract_canon_sha256":"38d086543159f67d80db9f053914137e9bcb671f5b49a7139ef690a53547caea"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6adf745675457a5f20defbb8922a1747422618050a3c45e6854a51fb5a609e8a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50.404670Z","signature_b64":"pEMAFu5A2E6aoCrSkmrR9qbX/Xy/I1imEkaUoh/vQRjqoxCeF0DiNLzfX3O1I+mnPSdiLkdZbg1HA6EbybTLDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6adf745675457a5f20defbb8922a1747422618050a3c45e6854a51fb5a609e8a","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50.404255Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50.404255Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1510.04700","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"S4QYqoxWTELYazK2f4jmUxW9xwt1fV1p6ac4YMICifIgur3XwAUqnjRquI61fPq6eXS3fIm6elvieOzNke+ODg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-28T13:48:22.577712Z"},"content_sha256":"099ae23ce347d240c4d0ce24825448f53dc8ff65faf4509bad3c672ea36bd636","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:099ae23ce347d240c4d0ce24825448f53dc8ff65faf4509bad3c672ea36bd636"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The redshift evolution of escape fraction of hydrogen ionizing photons from galaxies","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Prakash Gaikwad, Raghunathan Srianand, Tirthankar Roy Choudhury, Vikram Khaire","submitted_at":"2015-10-15T20:04:09Z","abstract_excerpt":"Using our cosmological radiative transfer code, we study the implications of the updated QSO emissivity and star formation history for the escape fraction (f_esc) of hydrogen ionizing photons from galaxies. We estimate the f_esc that is required to reionize the Universe and to maintain the ionization state of the intergalactic medium in the post-reionization era. At z>5.5, we show that a constant f_esc of 0.14 to 0.22 is sufficient to reionize the Universe. At z<3.5, consistent with various observations, we find that f_esc can have values from 0 to 0.05. However, a steep rise in f_esc, of at l"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1510.04700","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qRQK7rDcZV1EIXbFIFcVSIsxO2G/6EoaKw1bV72riZWVgslfiBFhbSJ6XnQcuoNbDfUK3ngC+DuUkjg1WnrPCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-28T13:48:22.578078Z"},"content_sha256":"944551b522d1552ee79325d506d2d01a2996ad44553a144d56b89baed229faa1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:944551b522d1552ee79325d506d2d01a2996ad44553a144d56b89baed229faa1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-28T13:48:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG67O4JEKQXI5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"38d086543159f67d80db9f053914137e9bcb671f5b49a7139ef690a53547caea","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2015-10-15T20:04:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"d228a55fe902de5cdb1003f08d8c400e1795b37e1728f0f0b3e7f3838e6f2e43"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1510.04700","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1510.04700","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1510.04700v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1510.04700","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"NLPXIVTVIV5F","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"NLPXIVTVIV5F6IG6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"NLPXIVTV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:944551b522d1552ee79325d506d2d01a2996ad44553a144d56b89baed229faa1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Using our cosmological radiative transfer code, we study the implications of the updated QSO emissivity and star formation history for the escape fraction (f_esc) of hydrogen ionizing photons from galaxies. We estimate the f_esc that is required to reionize the Universe and to maintain the ionization state of the intergalactic medium in the post-reionization era. At z>5.5, we show that a constant f_esc of 0.14 to 0.22 is sufficient to reionize the Universe. At z<3.5, consistent with various observations, we find that f_esc can have values from 0 to 0.05. However, a steep rise in f_esc, of at l","authors_text":"Prakash Gaikwad, Raghunathan Srianand, Tirthankar Roy Choudhury, Vikram Khaire","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2015-10-15T20:04:09Z","title":"The redshift evolution of escape fraction of hydrogen ionizing photons from galaxies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1510.04700","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:099ae23ce347d240c4d0ce24825448f53dc8ff65faf4509bad3c672ea36bd636","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"38d086543159f67d80db9f053914137e9bcb671f5b49a7139ef690a53547caea","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2015-10-15T20:04:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"d228a55fe902de5cdb1003f08d8c400e1795b37e1728f0f0b3e7f3838e6f2e43"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1510.04700","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"6adf745675457a5f20defbb8922a1747422618050a3c45e6854a51fb5a609e8a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6adf745675457a5f20defbb8922a1747422618050a3c45e6854a51fb5a609e8a","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50.404255Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50.404255Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"pEMAFu5A2E6aoCrSkmrR9qbX/Xy/I1imEkaUoh/vQRjqoxCeF0DiNLzfX3O1I+mnPSdiLkdZbg1HA6EbybTLDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:50.404670Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1510.04700","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:099ae23ce347d240c4d0ce24825448f53dc8ff65faf4509bad3c672ea36bd636","sha256:944551b522d1552ee79325d506d2d01a2996ad44553a144d56b89baed229faa1"],"state_sha256":"3c5f5386ad94e131f02eb93d461485fe760aa4f1135dd222c6036ac2391ae12c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5+DnSLFz2WK8DLxBpb4/LELvLIwbAGewvCxAB1Kf4pNcDRc++L0nw9WceN4dDSGwxNtf66LdSC7kJ6U574CYBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-28T13:48:22.580126Z","bundle_sha256":"28ab6a94add415f29f9cf42a10d596f907f9fbd83373f6300f4f3ea7ced7324b"}}