{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE","short_pith_number":"pith:OP6CF3B5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1305.1225","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2013-05-06T15:39:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a748f0b3c1b07288bc78e3dce7e3db61c4e054297b5a56895cd8fc5faf323011","abstract_canon_sha256":"6f7a011db8b69fde2f5a7c90424ab584dce072dd4f807749c7d37edc032df448"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"73fc22ec3d3ff198edcbdd61025ad0111a06e7a93560e5e13efa124c34385669","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1305.1225","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1305.1225","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1305.1225v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1305.1225","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OP6CF3B5H7YZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OP6CF3B5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:54Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1305.1225","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2013-05-06T15:39:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a748f0b3c1b07288bc78e3dce7e3db61c4e054297b5a56895cd8fc5faf323011","abstract_canon_sha256":"6f7a011db8b69fde2f5a7c90424ab584dce072dd4f807749c7d37edc032df448"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"73fc22ec3d3ff198edcbdd61025ad0111a06e7a93560e5e13efa124c34385669","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06.332906Z","signature_b64":"qNUtvA8JRjoqSu+2JZrrgVJpv8lwX+Io7msKVspcw8wYuDURWrSEZ9NJYi5gfDLVwbZ33ji7p4gsPCAhPGM0CA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"73fc22ec3d3ff198edcbdd61025ad0111a06e7a93560e5e13efa124c34385669","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06.332492Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06.332492Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1305.1225","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"n4a0fromSyx5V7MWTU1BrjrA/BsURNq+glkFwWOadeMYJ7snA8sQJuM0o1SPHT48b+Ovyf2SmR+qiNx6jEXdAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T06:02:53.118711Z"},"content_sha256":"58ac4561dba6012fe510b0d6b28dcdc224b9858938a187f3e7b41a483c4cdb92","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:58ac4561dba6012fe510b0d6b28dcdc224b9858938a187f3e7b41a483c4cdb92"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"How substance-based ontologies for gravity can be productive: A case study","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"Andrew Elby, Ayush Gupta, Luke D. Conlin","submitted_at":"2013-05-06T15:39:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"Many science education researchers have argued that learners' commitment to a substance (matter-based) ontology impedes the learning of scientific concepts that scientists typically conceptualize as processes or interactions, such as such as force, electric current, and heat. By this account, students' tendency to classify these entities as substances or properties of substances leads to robust misconceptions, and instruction should steer novices away from substance-based reasoning. We argue that substance-based reasoning, when it supports learners' sense-making, can form the seeds for sophist"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1305.1225","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"O73t8FkPPHS1NV7XXYVsU2h4Hiz45OmezKSUQUgKycow1myI+0ALehAalsjUC09NUqqxnAtQPqW0TioUjHjPAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T06:02:53.119242Z"},"content_sha256":"9f33ef5fbdb9b418c08382e428825d82054bacf95beb99f78397b0dc9cc6c3ff","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9f33ef5fbdb9b418c08382e428825d82054bacf95beb99f78397b0dc9cc6c3ff"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-24T06:02:53Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL3VQQEWWQCE","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6f7a011db8b69fde2f5a7c90424ab584dce072dd4f807749c7d37edc032df448","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2013-05-06T15:39:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"a748f0b3c1b07288bc78e3dce7e3db61c4e054297b5a56895cd8fc5faf323011"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1305.1225","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1305.1225","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1305.1225v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1305.1225","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"OP6CF3B5H7YZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"OP6CF3B5H7YZR3OL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"OP6CF3B5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:54Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9f33ef5fbdb9b418c08382e428825d82054bacf95beb99f78397b0dc9cc6c3ff","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Many science education researchers have argued that learners' commitment to a substance (matter-based) ontology impedes the learning of scientific concepts that scientists typically conceptualize as processes or interactions, such as such as force, electric current, and heat. By this account, students' tendency to classify these entities as substances or properties of substances leads to robust misconceptions, and instruction should steer novices away from substance-based reasoning. We argue that substance-based reasoning, when it supports learners' sense-making, can form the seeds for sophist","authors_text":"Andrew Elby, Ayush Gupta, Luke D. Conlin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2013-05-06T15:39:50Z","title":"How substance-based ontologies for gravity can be productive: A case study"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1305.1225","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:58ac4561dba6012fe510b0d6b28dcdc224b9858938a187f3e7b41a483c4cdb92","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6f7a011db8b69fde2f5a7c90424ab584dce072dd4f807749c7d37edc032df448","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2013-05-06T15:39:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"a748f0b3c1b07288bc78e3dce7e3db61c4e054297b5a56895cd8fc5faf323011"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1305.1225","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"73fc22ec3d3ff198edcbdd61025ad0111a06e7a93560e5e13efa124c34385669","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"73fc22ec3d3ff198edcbdd61025ad0111a06e7a93560e5e13efa124c34385669","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06.332492Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06.332492Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"qNUtvA8JRjoqSu+2JZrrgVJpv8lwX+Io7msKVspcw8wYuDURWrSEZ9NJYi5gfDLVwbZ33ji7p4gsPCAhPGM0CA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:32:06.332906Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1305.1225","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:58ac4561dba6012fe510b0d6b28dcdc224b9858938a187f3e7b41a483c4cdb92","sha256:9f33ef5fbdb9b418c08382e428825d82054bacf95beb99f78397b0dc9cc6c3ff"],"state_sha256":"e37cc2fb54dc98ee44daded46fcaaaa36b44f887a9fcda54ae90af50c9846934"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lPQuAFtlUsCELDzDtHfzDZWSqId5JHHI5sfx1/4jfuJ7IOQWxT0GlxTyal70HD9LZ7190d/d8slcXbaABKYbBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-24T06:02:53.121867Z","bundle_sha256":"6ac19fbddb70c2ed9ed8528814496d04f1533f2292d12d579eeec6da95864225"}}