{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2024:ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU","short_pith_number":"pith:ORMMTO6R","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"7458c9bbd1daf0380f6a519424792a3d301a4a565724677690ecb30fc1694e8b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2401.12720","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"A Comprehensive View of the Biases of Toxicity and Sentiment Analysis Methods Towards Utterances with African American English Expressions","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Fabr\\'icio Benevenuto, Flavio Figueiredo, Guilherme H. Resende, Luiz F. Nery, Savvas Zannettou","submitted_at":"2024-01-23T12:41:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Language is a dynamic aspect of our culture that changes when expressed in different technologies/communities. Online social networks have enabled the diffusion and evolution of different dialects, including African American English (AAE). However, this increased usage is not without barriers. One particular barrier is how sentiment (Vader, TextBlob, and Flair) and toxicity (Google's Perspective and the open-source Detoxify) methods present biases towards utterances with AAE expressions. Consider Google's Perspective to understand bias. Here, an utterance such as ``All n*ggers deserve to die r"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2401.12720","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-01-23T12:41:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"39867eda55aa74cb89ba2683f6fbf3fdb39d433f591f60ebf78203399cbb0698","abstract_canon_sha256":"1f8f1a561087f775fc7f057ebe9e7fa0863a1c49418ab9bc8dc42a3510a1c579"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626996Z","signature_b64":"Zfz2OWVe6UISX6tmpJKidVj0OqnW6Qh/gD5lSF+NRgArx82aLneoHcj8T+aYjF5BmeIeP4/9g+5o4Xv4QIl6AA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"7458c9bbd1daf0380f6a519424792a3d301a4a565724677690ecb30fc1694e8b","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626617Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626617Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Comprehensive View of the Biases of Toxicity and Sentiment Analysis Methods Towards Utterances with African American English Expressions","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Fabr\\'icio Benevenuto, Flavio Figueiredo, Guilherme H. Resende, Luiz F. Nery, Savvas Zannettou","submitted_at":"2024-01-23T12:41:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Language is a dynamic aspect of our culture that changes when expressed in different technologies/communities. Online social networks have enabled the diffusion and evolution of different dialects, including African American English (AAE). However, this increased usage is not without barriers. One particular barrier is how sentiment (Vader, TextBlob, and Flair) and toxicity (Google's Perspective and the open-source Detoxify) methods present biases towards utterances with AAE expressions. Consider Google's Perspective to understand bias. Here, an utterance such as ``All n*ggers deserve to die r"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2401.12720","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2401.12720/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2401.12720","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2401.12720v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2401.12720","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ORMMTO6R3LYD","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3K","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ORMMTO6R","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU","json":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ORMMTO6R"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/ORMMTO6R","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2401.12720&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/ORMMTO6R3LYDQD3KKGKCI6JKHU/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T07:36:34.626685+00:00"}