{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2002:PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z","short_pith_number":"pith:PAKW7COM","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"hep-ph/0209322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2002-09-26T19:48:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"62ea8d5dc714b4d46fa84b9140f03dd9b12632fb13d97271acb81708a57b03dc","abstract_canon_sha256":"c8cb2de6a268c3bb22a08ee4aa0cf7d1cbccd2e61ced43ef82eea81a2754b866"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"78156f89cc4af95584a529bdfe3f8aee400190de426a63b8ebf7125322cdafc9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"hep-ph/0209322","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"hep-ph/0209322","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"hep-ph/0209322v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0209322","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PAKW7COMJL4V","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PAKW7COMJL4VLBFF","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PAKW7COM","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2002:PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"hep-ph/0209322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2002-09-26T19:48:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"62ea8d5dc714b4d46fa84b9140f03dd9b12632fb13d97271acb81708a57b03dc","abstract_canon_sha256":"c8cb2de6a268c3bb22a08ee4aa0cf7d1cbccd2e61ced43ef82eea81a2754b866"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"78156f89cc4af95584a529bdfe3f8aee400190de426a63b8ebf7125322cdafc9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21.476220Z","signature_b64":"AW+AL+ndYTkkwheKnOYHYm0zpWSQ/FpLA2kOFO6YFL8gKuq//b05KO4Cg58m2JmJ7mlfgxXJN4RM55ZPSgJuAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"78156f89cc4af95584a529bdfe3f8aee400190de426a63b8ebf7125322cdafc9","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21.475800Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21.475800Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"hep-ph/0209322","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"70lezMFLCUdnQqI48s/w9nXVm2nGmvAcR5i7bL6uxqz8DtuXeaURb+5BUSYBSItiZ/fkAZg3/LSCYap63i+OCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-04T19:57:50.565241Z"},"content_sha256":"50e0f5b500595cd49179bb5daaa9f5b713ec0fddbab1db66810ce7250e61d54e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:50e0f5b500595cd49179bb5daaa9f5b713ec0fddbab1db66810ce7250e61d54e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2002:PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Fluid Interpretation of Cardassian Expansion","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph"],"primary_cat":"hep-ph","authors_text":"Katherine Freese (UMich), Paolo Gondolo (CWRU)","submitted_at":"2002-09-26T19:48:33Z","abstract_excerpt":"A fluid interpretation of Cardassian expansion is developed. Here, the Friedmann equation takes the form $H^2 = g(\\rho_M)$ where $\\rho_M$ contains only matter and radiation (no vacuum). The function $g(\\rhom)$ returns to the usual $8\\pi\\rhom/(3 m_{pl}^2)$ during the early history of the universe, but takes a different form that drives an accelerated expansion after a redshift $z \\sim 1$. One possible interpretation of this function (and of the right hand side of Einstein's equations) is that it describes a fluid with total energy density $\\rho_{tot} = {3 m_{pl}^2 \\over 8 \\pi} g(\\rhom) = \\rhom "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"hep-ph/0209322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/hep-ph/0209322/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"onVfLjv0IyaIjXAHFE4eH3T7aCYeIMByNeyL6CsAj0tWfvaAMTWBTRaKWeMgDZBq8jSbNM9IYaq+/phUMkU5Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-04T19:57:50.565676Z"},"content_sha256":"c455d88ed7299939f3544d851ac4f3cc8c97b6d87bc065d6b239803926aa4b16","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c455d88ed7299939f3544d851ac4f3cc8c97b6d87bc065d6b239803926aa4b16"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-04T19:57:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2002:PAKW7COMJL4VLBFFFG674P4K5Z","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c8cb2de6a268c3bb22a08ee4aa0cf7d1cbccd2e61ced43ef82eea81a2754b866","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph"],"license":"","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2002-09-26T19:48:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"62ea8d5dc714b4d46fa84b9140f03dd9b12632fb13d97271acb81708a57b03dc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"hep-ph/0209322","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"hep-ph/0209322","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"hep-ph/0209322v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0209322","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PAKW7COMJL4V","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PAKW7COMJL4VLBFF","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PAKW7COM","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c455d88ed7299939f3544d851ac4f3cc8c97b6d87bc065d6b239803926aa4b16","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/hep-ph/0209322/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A fluid interpretation of Cardassian expansion is developed. Here, the Friedmann equation takes the form $H^2 = g(\\rho_M)$ where $\\rho_M$ contains only matter and radiation (no vacuum). The function $g(\\rhom)$ returns to the usual $8\\pi\\rhom/(3 m_{pl}^2)$ during the early history of the universe, but takes a different form that drives an accelerated expansion after a redshift $z \\sim 1$. One possible interpretation of this function (and of the right hand side of Einstein's equations) is that it describes a fluid with total energy density $\\rho_{tot} = {3 m_{pl}^2 \\over 8 \\pi} g(\\rhom) = \\rhom ","authors_text":"Katherine Freese (UMich), Paolo Gondolo (CWRU)","cross_cats":["astro-ph"],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2002-09-26T19:48:33Z","title":"Fluid Interpretation of Cardassian Expansion"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"hep-ph/0209322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:50e0f5b500595cd49179bb5daaa9f5b713ec0fddbab1db66810ce7250e61d54e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c8cb2de6a268c3bb22a08ee4aa0cf7d1cbccd2e61ced43ef82eea81a2754b866","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph"],"license":"","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2002-09-26T19:48:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"62ea8d5dc714b4d46fa84b9140f03dd9b12632fb13d97271acb81708a57b03dc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"hep-ph/0209322","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"78156f89cc4af95584a529bdfe3f8aee400190de426a63b8ebf7125322cdafc9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"78156f89cc4af95584a529bdfe3f8aee400190de426a63b8ebf7125322cdafc9","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21.475800Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21.475800Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"AW+AL+ndYTkkwheKnOYHYm0zpWSQ/FpLA2kOFO6YFL8gKuq//b05KO4Cg58m2JmJ7mlfgxXJN4RM55ZPSgJuAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:34:21.476220Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"hep-ph/0209322","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:50e0f5b500595cd49179bb5daaa9f5b713ec0fddbab1db66810ce7250e61d54e","sha256:c455d88ed7299939f3544d851ac4f3cc8c97b6d87bc065d6b239803926aa4b16"],"state_sha256":"1e11194c0c49c2823efa50d91871c72e851d212b1f01be15fde9481c51ac981b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gxoLwedxKtK8gPaRLOx3foPC4CeXqX5k/L0fo3sN27ANgeH/TYP943fltTAy1EIV93oQ+GpSWkMZxg84wjRbCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-04T19:57:50.567694Z","bundle_sha256":"708dd0ee7ff44051e22cfa0c4209173aa3be177ea841368db5a2b657bf2a504d"}}