{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB","short_pith_number":"pith:PQ2JWCQ6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1403.5585","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-03-21T22:49:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f84134d89d58d8def2b2b80806321489f685d447d8955147ec15588a1822e4f8","abstract_canon_sha256":"097984c2bd562084ec2f71cbf63644365f0e5d10c7194593de19c9bfca777deb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7c349b0a1eb88f4686310121ae2f4b90682b236a0ec454b601e0931bb30000b9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1403.5585","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1403.5585","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1403.5585v4","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1403.5585","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PQ2JWCQ6XCHU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PQ2JWCQ6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:43Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1403.5585","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-03-21T22:49:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f84134d89d58d8def2b2b80806321489f685d447d8955147ec15588a1822e4f8","abstract_canon_sha256":"097984c2bd562084ec2f71cbf63644365f0e5d10c7194593de19c9bfca777deb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"7c349b0a1eb88f4686310121ae2f4b90682b236a0ec454b601e0931bb30000b9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55.507762Z","signature_b64":"YY4UoTKG/bIRy5ZgH9vsouBsUsBD3dw2yPm68tfb9cBGDG3LD7dIdZrpz1l29s59vk/evU+d/2ar96hBbH3kBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"7c349b0a1eb88f4686310121ae2f4b90682b236a0ec454b601e0931bb30000b9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55.507079Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55.507079Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1403.5585","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Bu809cG2nzMXtTKa6rPGmEjM3vDM7TdgZxAUpnNxXshWY4Dl1RXi/uzvibzVgxmo+TNdwB0STek9WpzWLEkbBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T07:26:34.356500Z"},"content_sha256":"05a24c4f544c1ea6db7e49852a3882c9c92ed6f9f37a4b583db8f76131a8dc23","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:05a24c4f544c1ea6db7e49852a3882c9c92ed6f9f37a4b583db8f76131a8dc23"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Cosmic Birefringence Fluctuations and Cosmic Microwave Background $B$-mode Polarization","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Guo-Chin Liu, Kin-Wang Ng, Seokcheon Lee","submitted_at":"2014-03-21T22:49:33Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recently, BICEP2 measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode polarization has indicated the presence of primordial gravitational waves at degree angular scales, inferring the tensor-to-scalar ratio of $r=0.2$ and a running scalar spectral index. In this {\\em Letter}, we show that the existence of the fluctuations of cosmological birefringence can give rise to CMB $B$-mode polarization that fits BICEP2 data with $r<0.11$ and no running of the scalar spectral index. Thus, it might be too hasty to conclude that many inflation models with small $r$ are ruled out based on BICEP2 "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1403.5585","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UbkcAKw0813iHPCmdNOhToojqRDzFCYOaIQG+tmGxaixz0IQ4SrowwGrXCKp4IYWZxP34+5sk+Rncitt3EE8BA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T07:26:34.356971Z"},"content_sha256":"e8d5c2ad2f359d810ba7cefb2903f66b1027bfc30585f612a8040767b9f62dcc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e8d5c2ad2f359d810ba7cefb2903f66b1027bfc30585f612a8040767b9f62dcc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T07:26:34Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRRAEQ24L2LSB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"097984c2bd562084ec2f71cbf63644365f0e5d10c7194593de19c9bfca777deb","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-03-21T22:49:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"f84134d89d58d8def2b2b80806321489f685d447d8955147ec15588a1822e4f8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1403.5585","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1403.5585","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1403.5585v4","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1403.5585","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"PQ2JWCQ6XCHU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"PQ2JWCQ6XCHUNBRR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"PQ2JWCQ6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:43Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e8d5c2ad2f359d810ba7cefb2903f66b1027bfc30585f612a8040767b9f62dcc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recently, BICEP2 measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode polarization has indicated the presence of primordial gravitational waves at degree angular scales, inferring the tensor-to-scalar ratio of $r=0.2$ and a running scalar spectral index. In this {\\em Letter}, we show that the existence of the fluctuations of cosmological birefringence can give rise to CMB $B$-mode polarization that fits BICEP2 data with $r<0.11$ and no running of the scalar spectral index. Thus, it might be too hasty to conclude that many inflation models with small $r$ are ruled out based on BICEP2 ","authors_text":"Guo-Chin Liu, Kin-Wang Ng, Seokcheon Lee","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-03-21T22:49:33Z","title":"Cosmic Birefringence Fluctuations and Cosmic Microwave Background $B$-mode Polarization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1403.5585","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:05a24c4f544c1ea6db7e49852a3882c9c92ed6f9f37a4b583db8f76131a8dc23","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"097984c2bd562084ec2f71cbf63644365f0e5d10c7194593de19c9bfca777deb","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2014-03-21T22:49:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"f84134d89d58d8def2b2b80806321489f685d447d8955147ec15588a1822e4f8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1403.5585","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"7c349b0a1eb88f4686310121ae2f4b90682b236a0ec454b601e0931bb30000b9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"7c349b0a1eb88f4686310121ae2f4b90682b236a0ec454b601e0931bb30000b9","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55.507079Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55.507079Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"YY4UoTKG/bIRy5ZgH9vsouBsUsBD3dw2yPm68tfb9cBGDG3LD7dIdZrpz1l29s59vk/evU+d/2ar96hBbH3kBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:55.507762Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1403.5585","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:05a24c4f544c1ea6db7e49852a3882c9c92ed6f9f37a4b583db8f76131a8dc23","sha256:e8d5c2ad2f359d810ba7cefb2903f66b1027bfc30585f612a8040767b9f62dcc"],"state_sha256":"9f162f8a25a6ebe22b86632fbd49414756e47e2e031776db35d097de18d4a733"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MVFmmQZDOiEt1j8B2VoJnODdv5icMjrFCPxJRIpdXRkGKBCwufkPomx8+XMG4hHm5/S8WFmDpHT+JPSPWD8qCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T07:26:34.361409Z","bundle_sha256":"66a17aab4227eb288c4973e2fc4e9820021803107e796506626021d96b210280"}}