{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP","short_pith_number":"pith:QXGXVZG2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1512.04808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-12-15T15:05:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"683fece491c7e0589291790ab0b1879376e31e4bbaa6a89456897c62ccd9cf12","abstract_canon_sha256":"2e50ff842d95919b1a2f1a69ae2b40d900cc23a3b8029cf8fb0dfaee65f2de2a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"85cd7ae4dae430f25a5a41d86ccf44c3c95b00453ba466599263410ba10c0a38","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1512.04808","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1512.04808","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1512.04808v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1512.04808","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QXGXVZG24QYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QXGXVZG2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1512.04808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-12-15T15:05:00Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"683fece491c7e0589291790ab0b1879376e31e4bbaa6a89456897c62ccd9cf12","abstract_canon_sha256":"2e50ff842d95919b1a2f1a69ae2b40d900cc23a3b8029cf8fb0dfaee65f2de2a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"85cd7ae4dae430f25a5a41d86ccf44c3c95b00453ba466599263410ba10c0a38","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15.428489Z","signature_b64":"Oowgqa58VElim1Q3y5rHSJnLqViW4dJsJhptKP+NoZaClDr5U//Sq3T3KlKw9giVcRJ4XJuv6NEhldMrNWsCAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"85cd7ae4dae430f25a5a41d86ccf44c3c95b00453ba466599263410ba10c0a38","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15.427862Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15.427862Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1512.04808","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QhlZMMUA9ofQHEHibMB7KcC70cTyem+entSCUWc7ck1x065P3pUBL5aSdibun3pA9oRGWwOGWolFBiCuYYZfDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-20T21:56:57.168560Z"},"content_sha256":"9eaee1fdc791a087051ccb356e5342192c3c54d8dff9b99c89e3f7b5e411b655","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9eaee1fdc791a087051ccb356e5342192c3c54d8dff9b99c89e3f7b5e411b655"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Causal and anti-causal learning in pattern recognition for neuroimaging","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"Bernhard Sch\\\"olkopf, Moritz Grosse-Wentrup, Sebastian Weichwald, Tonio Ball","submitted_at":"2015-12-15T15:05:00Z","abstract_excerpt":"Pattern recognition in neuroimaging distinguishes between two types of models: encoding- and decoding models. This distinction is based on the insight that brain state features, that are found to be relevant in an experimental paradigm, carry a different meaning in encoding- than in decoding models. In this paper, we argue that this distinction is not sufficient: Relevant features in encoding- and decoding models carry a different meaning depending on whether they represent causal- or anti-causal relations. We provide a theoretical justification for this argument and conclude that causal infer"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1512.04808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mQ290/9mWeO/VEIdHjpffKOvmA1envFhRisFSI9/+l/SwTkK6gRTPE+mm8X+GwhhyP2+V0gOAKY3AaseTSPzBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-20T21:56:57.169120Z"},"content_sha256":"ec974903a87687a887a930f4f0d5faca9a42888ae60d571006542a1d2789f066","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ec974903a87687a887a930f4f0d5faca9a42888ae60d571006542a1d2789f066"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-20T21:56:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2IHMGZT2EYP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2e50ff842d95919b1a2f1a69ae2b40d900cc23a3b8029cf8fb0dfaee65f2de2a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-12-15T15:05:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"683fece491c7e0589291790ab0b1879376e31e4bbaa6a89456897c62ccd9cf12"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1512.04808","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1512.04808","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1512.04808v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1512.04808","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"QXGXVZG24QYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"QXGXVZG24QYPEWS2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"QXGXVZG2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:39Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ec974903a87687a887a930f4f0d5faca9a42888ae60d571006542a1d2789f066","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Pattern recognition in neuroimaging distinguishes between two types of models: encoding- and decoding models. This distinction is based on the insight that brain state features, that are found to be relevant in an experimental paradigm, carry a different meaning in encoding- than in decoding models. In this paper, we argue that this distinction is not sufficient: Relevant features in encoding- and decoding models carry a different meaning depending on whether they represent causal- or anti-causal relations. We provide a theoretical justification for this argument and conclude that causal infer","authors_text":"Bernhard Sch\\\"olkopf, Moritz Grosse-Wentrup, Sebastian Weichwald, Tonio Ball","cross_cats":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.ME"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-12-15T15:05:00Z","title":"Causal and anti-causal learning in pattern recognition for neuroimaging"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1512.04808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9eaee1fdc791a087051ccb356e5342192c3c54d8dff9b99c89e3f7b5e411b655","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2e50ff842d95919b1a2f1a69ae2b40d900cc23a3b8029cf8fb0dfaee65f2de2a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","q-bio.NC","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2015-12-15T15:05:00Z","title_canon_sha256":"683fece491c7e0589291790ab0b1879376e31e4bbaa6a89456897c62ccd9cf12"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1512.04808","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"85cd7ae4dae430f25a5a41d86ccf44c3c95b00453ba466599263410ba10c0a38","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"85cd7ae4dae430f25a5a41d86ccf44c3c95b00453ba466599263410ba10c0a38","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15.427862Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15.427862Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Oowgqa58VElim1Q3y5rHSJnLqViW4dJsJhptKP+NoZaClDr5U//Sq3T3KlKw9giVcRJ4XJuv6NEhldMrNWsCAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:24:15.428489Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1512.04808","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9eaee1fdc791a087051ccb356e5342192c3c54d8dff9b99c89e3f7b5e411b655","sha256:ec974903a87687a887a930f4f0d5faca9a42888ae60d571006542a1d2789f066"],"state_sha256":"71d37201da13329ab63e58a3b8e0b9d30dff233a9b8378130e9bcc04d4736221"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"r+BKVR6ChQDDRNNJRCBmHP6XBjFTDFhzGacgT6fC4RGDQYbHkJY683ofzM82Qe9ufE7PKgcSwnHmyvcZrTioDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-20T21:56:57.171685Z","bundle_sha256":"ad2d52ee476c602e2553fcdeebeff9bd7a01c073b7f191178d45e77241d1ba24"}}