{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P","short_pith_number":"pith:RRYVW5OG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2207.03000","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2022-07-06T22:33:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b846343e5ccddf83642bee7746547fd14943bf6d548f357cf34511b0379dd69b","abstract_canon_sha256":"0284267f4135f23d47aabbedc4d599f7d424de66563eae3bcb6ee4fb73403d2b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8c715b75c6b5e2594ef3ede87ff17cf3c7b443a3be48bc5d876f19e23a7673cd","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2207.03000","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2207.03000","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2207.03000v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2207.03000","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RRYVW5OGWXRF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RRYVW5OG","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2207.03000","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2022-07-06T22:33:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b846343e5ccddf83642bee7746547fd14943bf6d548f357cf34511b0379dd69b","abstract_canon_sha256":"0284267f4135f23d47aabbedc4d599f7d424de66563eae3bcb6ee4fb73403d2b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8c715b75c6b5e2594ef3ede87ff17cf3c7b443a3be48bc5d876f19e23a7673cd","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03.249521Z","signature_b64":"zgJmDJfhdg1Q/7bmtX5TCxg2grgtjo5wtNP/MkkvbnxHVXI8GtoEHW7TobySpHSskxEoen3Hk94XKXzA9QWNAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8c715b75c6b5e2594ef3ede87ff17cf3c7b443a3be48bc5d876f19e23a7673cd","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03.249030Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03.249030Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2207.03000","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Wlw5Dm7RkSCaLybojmJJFmz6ZQ2VpqOxPmNRL4w690RQz0pRVczAiaBB886rarFseITA3DQA1x43pagRGrAnCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T18:14:16.196777Z"},"content_sha256":"42d28edfc1174bc7cedfaf0511a4cee9a35cdb9300d28e3bcf023c4f8afd99e3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:42d28edfc1174bc7cedfaf0511a4cee9a35cdb9300d28e3bcf023c4f8afd99e3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Are biofuel mandates cost-effective? -- an analysis of transport fuels and biomass usage to achieve emissions targets in the European energy system","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","authors_text":"Elisabeth Zeyen, Fredrik Hedenus, G\\\"oran Berndes, Lina Reichenberg, Markus Millinger, Tom Brown","submitted_at":"2022-07-06T22:33:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Abatement options for the hard-to-electrify parts of the transport sector are needed to achieve ambitious emissions targets. Biofuels based on biomass, electrofuels based on renewable hydrogen and a carbon source, as well as fossil fuels compensated by carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are the main options. Currently, biofuels are the only renewable fuels available at scale and are stimulated by blending mandates. Here, we estimate the system cost of enforcing such mandates in addition to an overall emissions cap for all energy sectors. We model overnight scenarios for 2040 and 2060 with the sector"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2207.03000","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2207.03000/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vR9+m5pJdgSyPW1lrNbLUwh8P8qtnhdZsx71wS2VeGKAZFdQxvsLJqjUp6rNiHks211gbsz2DtL3Tved9zs/CQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T18:14:16.198125Z"},"content_sha256":"d7ca44593d28599c2e2da94debbc0bdb720bfcd1f461e688211c5e9c7db54397","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d7ca44593d28599c2e2da94debbc0bdb720bfcd1f461e688211c5e9c7db54397"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T18:14:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT5XUH74L46P","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0284267f4135f23d47aabbedc4d599f7d424de66563eae3bcb6ee4fb73403d2b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2022-07-06T22:33:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"b846343e5ccddf83642bee7746547fd14943bf6d548f357cf34511b0379dd69b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2207.03000","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2207.03000","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2207.03000v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2207.03000","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RRYVW5OGWXRF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RRYVW5OGWXRFSTXT","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RRYVW5OG","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d7ca44593d28599c2e2da94debbc0bdb720bfcd1f461e688211c5e9c7db54397","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2207.03000/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Abatement options for the hard-to-electrify parts of the transport sector are needed to achieve ambitious emissions targets. Biofuels based on biomass, electrofuels based on renewable hydrogen and a carbon source, as well as fossil fuels compensated by carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are the main options. Currently, biofuels are the only renewable fuels available at scale and are stimulated by blending mandates. Here, we estimate the system cost of enforcing such mandates in addition to an overall emissions cap for all energy sectors. We model overnight scenarios for 2040 and 2060 with the sector","authors_text":"Elisabeth Zeyen, Fredrik Hedenus, G\\\"oran Berndes, Lina Reichenberg, Markus Millinger, Tom Brown","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2022-07-06T22:33:12Z","title":"Are biofuel mandates cost-effective? -- an analysis of transport fuels and biomass usage to achieve emissions targets in the European energy system"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2207.03000","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:42d28edfc1174bc7cedfaf0511a4cee9a35cdb9300d28e3bcf023c4f8afd99e3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0284267f4135f23d47aabbedc4d599f7d424de66563eae3bcb6ee4fb73403d2b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2022-07-06T22:33:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"b846343e5ccddf83642bee7746547fd14943bf6d548f357cf34511b0379dd69b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2207.03000","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8c715b75c6b5e2594ef3ede87ff17cf3c7b443a3be48bc5d876f19e23a7673cd","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8c715b75c6b5e2594ef3ede87ff17cf3c7b443a3be48bc5d876f19e23a7673cd","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03.249030Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03.249030Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"zgJmDJfhdg1Q/7bmtX5TCxg2grgtjo5wtNP/MkkvbnxHVXI8GtoEHW7TobySpHSskxEoen3Hk94XKXzA9QWNAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:03:03.249521Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2207.03000","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:42d28edfc1174bc7cedfaf0511a4cee9a35cdb9300d28e3bcf023c4f8afd99e3","sha256:d7ca44593d28599c2e2da94debbc0bdb720bfcd1f461e688211c5e9c7db54397"],"state_sha256":"e10e5a66434309bc356984df37dd54009cc062b8bab8a026d3820045be36e4f3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zpk8mElCKEtAPNVlWiNtvhohYM+dXViD9M2P4G+SO/ZmYo3APMlhGK8uFp4LX/PUPBZyPDvMojILBYuw2cjWCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T18:14:16.206031Z","bundle_sha256":"04d14d418c823403e52fe8010e0890a72ca93e385a9196373c4fea2115b762f9"}}