{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN","short_pith_number":"pith:RTWU7KYR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.13313","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-16T09:54:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","econ.GN","q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"f63b6cbed87477da509c4437815b24a4bb82a0186d64a5e0e3865925ccd5dfc8","abstract_canon_sha256":"08f936c17199d7f6122565766761be4bf6a9cc20e891f305771dc07fcc04c084"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8ced4fab1117262ea4c6c636f183c85b7406bcb4b9b1c3c8ff802d4af782eae0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2506.13313","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.13313","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.13313v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.13313","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RTWU7KYRC4TC","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGG","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RTWU7KYR","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.13313","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-16T09:54:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","econ.GN","q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"f63b6cbed87477da509c4437815b24a4bb82a0186d64a5e0e3865925ccd5dfc8","abstract_canon_sha256":"08f936c17199d7f6122565766761be4bf6a9cc20e891f305771dc07fcc04c084"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8ced4fab1117262ea4c6c636f183c85b7406bcb4b9b1c3c8ff802d4af782eae0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08.542711Z","signature_b64":"5E7orTpQuY5KjVEGX0d8mnBfRMBmBoRmQJWBcCjam4lJsZIc63aP3KBQl+cY9tb4ICDJ/dSMg4bKn4tCq7PTCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8ced4fab1117262ea4c6c636f183c85b7406bcb4b9b1c3c8ff802d4af782eae0","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08.542205Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08.542205Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2506.13313","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"i7jZwvNNDwLlLz/j3P17+L09vgXIx17KGM+tvWfQJm0P/9Tv0Cz+IL9S/T1Y7aeO4qyxL/Ai/aqULyaeXBFCDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T20:44:12.939149Z"},"content_sha256":"a2174fdc122aa1185ef3cdebe5670593984c4384fa01445f2c01d1e445a106b9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a2174fdc122aa1185ef3cdebe5670593984c4384fa01445f2c01d1e445a106b9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Large Language Models as 'Hidden Persuaders': Fake Product Reviews are Indistinguishable to Humans and Machines","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","econ.GN","q-fin.EC"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Andrew Smith, Chris James Carter, Evgeniya Lukinova, Georgiana Nica-Avram, James Goulding, John Harvey, Mina Forrest, Paul Frobisher, Weiyao Meng","submitted_at":"2025-06-16T09:54:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Reading and evaluating product reviews is central to how most people decide what to buy and consume online. However, the recent emergence of Large Language Models and Generative Artificial Intelligence now means writing fraudulent or fake reviews is potentially easier than ever. Through three studies we demonstrate that (1) humans are no longer able to distinguish between real and fake product reviews generated by machines, averaging only 50.8% accuracy overall - essentially the same that would be expected by chance alone; (2) that LLMs are likewise unable to distinguish between fake and real "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.13313","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2506.13313/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Ya9BuNjHEyuTZ0VERss0wmATB07mi5FmL6lnjOD2IzEWmVshM0PeIgFmkP6G/xuf29Ti7QKirRctbeFz+jx1AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T20:44:12.940602Z"},"content_sha256":"0a7485a8a55d08436721d50bec91557832d87f837bf7a51201cd66325ccd0a07","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0a7485a8a55d08436721d50bec91557832d87f837bf7a51201cd66325ccd0a07"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T20:44:12Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGGYY3PDA6ILN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"08f936c17199d7f6122565766761be4bf6a9cc20e891f305771dc07fcc04c084","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","econ.GN","q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-16T09:54:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"f63b6cbed87477da509c4437815b24a4bb82a0186d64a5e0e3865925ccd5dfc8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.13313","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.13313","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.13313v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.13313","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RTWU7KYRC4TC","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RTWU7KYRC4TC5JGG","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RTWU7KYR","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0a7485a8a55d08436721d50bec91557832d87f837bf7a51201cd66325ccd0a07","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2506.13313/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Reading and evaluating product reviews is central to how most people decide what to buy and consume online. However, the recent emergence of Large Language Models and Generative Artificial Intelligence now means writing fraudulent or fake reviews is potentially easier than ever. Through three studies we demonstrate that (1) humans are no longer able to distinguish between real and fake product reviews generated by machines, averaging only 50.8% accuracy overall - essentially the same that would be expected by chance alone; (2) that LLMs are likewise unable to distinguish between fake and real ","authors_text":"Andrew Smith, Chris James Carter, Evgeniya Lukinova, Georgiana Nica-Avram, James Goulding, John Harvey, Mina Forrest, Paul Frobisher, Weiyao Meng","cross_cats":["cs.AI","econ.GN","q-fin.EC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-16T09:54:56Z","title":"Large Language Models as 'Hidden Persuaders': Fake Product Reviews are Indistinguishable to Humans and Machines"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.13313","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a2174fdc122aa1185ef3cdebe5670593984c4384fa01445f2c01d1e445a106b9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"08f936c17199d7f6122565766761be4bf6a9cc20e891f305771dc07fcc04c084","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","econ.GN","q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-06-16T09:54:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"f63b6cbed87477da509c4437815b24a4bb82a0186d64a5e0e3865925ccd5dfc8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.13313","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8ced4fab1117262ea4c6c636f183c85b7406bcb4b9b1c3c8ff802d4af782eae0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8ced4fab1117262ea4c6c636f183c85b7406bcb4b9b1c3c8ff802d4af782eae0","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08.542205Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08.542205Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"5E7orTpQuY5KjVEGX0d8mnBfRMBmBoRmQJWBcCjam4lJsZIc63aP3KBQl+cY9tb4ICDJ/dSMg4bKn4tCq7PTCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:22:08.542711Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2506.13313","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a2174fdc122aa1185ef3cdebe5670593984c4384fa01445f2c01d1e445a106b9","sha256:0a7485a8a55d08436721d50bec91557832d87f837bf7a51201cd66325ccd0a07"],"state_sha256":"c83a50df25bceae0092b0aa3c31562ecf8c815d5d38d0fb443584617491e2161"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Osqibs33b46ptXTSlupTYJQF/ErBRyRqaj46k+gPzEY/5UAb1XM29WX4Q9bwZ1kxNBgE0XhquJZIhEAQF2QqBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T20:44:12.952983Z","bundle_sha256":"07704a2f851d9351b9c15dcfded2db644f3d73c9ea09e641d6fde82458459f35"}}