{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR","short_pith_number":"pith:RW5V6QND","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2606.22430","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2026-06-21T10:40:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"ac91f194805ed26d33b1ff75501d083ce15dcfbcf54bd9b14bd7d8df2593b2ac","abstract_canon_sha256":"d8aebc0c1945d0dfb4bb2b9e4949417bda346bc42b7d13f97e64f02168860a1b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8dbb5f41a3e8261d2445fb433bf3a9344c2c88f27260824fbcbbf97bac86804f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2606.22430","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2606.22430","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2606.22430v1","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.22430","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RW5V6QND5ATB","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RW5V6QND","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2606.22430","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2026-06-21T10:40:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"ac91f194805ed26d33b1ff75501d083ce15dcfbcf54bd9b14bd7d8df2593b2ac","abstract_canon_sha256":"d8aebc0c1945d0dfb4bb2b9e4949417bda346bc42b7d13f97e64f02168860a1b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"8dbb5f41a3e8261d2445fb433bf3a9344c2c88f27260824fbcbbf97bac86804f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38.252253Z","signature_b64":"x4+IupbRNk+rrPbj7x3safFEUZrgr4NJ1y2TqWANi8W546SXuMJMvOu5tPHmvJc87QkGYBleZg+PrFhv2UQ6BQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"8dbb5f41a3e8261d2445fb433bf3a9344c2c88f27260824fbcbbf97bac86804f","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38.251887Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38.251887Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2606.22430","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EOZgUwOaM/e8euj58L7ZSI4mjXlQ/HkGGlk7H1mWa6ByjXxK/RAmG5sTqAp4XvSvbYdxSA0mj25pvngrSRSsBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-29T06:48:17.697296Z"},"content_sha256":"70de7efe9c60c4e8448ad172e25dced2e89d9ccba59c9851fa428cbbf2ead3cc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:70de7efe9c60c4e8448ad172e25dced2e89d9ccba59c9851fa428cbbf2ead3cc"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Words as Difference Makers: How Large Language Models Determine Causal Structure in Text","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Wolfgang Pietsch","submitted_at":"2026-06-21T10:40:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Because large language models (LLMs) are impressively successful in predicting text, it appears that they must have access to a 'world model' representing causal and definitional structure. However, the dominant formalisms of modern causal inference -- Judea Pearl's interventionist approach and the Neyman-Rubin potential outcomes framework -- struggle to illuminate how LLMs learn causal structure. I resolve this puzzle by arguing that LLMs employ a specific inductive approach based on a difference-making logic -- sometimes called variational induction. I demonstrate how central aspects of this"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.22430","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.22430/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9ospZv5gYI0fYzSjfSRUnhU9tBtCU4RiQUYf+R3zNPofJs1Gx8c0vA29wYiQGjKkdZp3+jhar4z0/JirqySlBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-29T06:48:17.697687Z"},"content_sha256":"83bab7a0c71d5e4e092d8f0777820239c342c2567f27292aa37658b0f488c497","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:83bab7a0c71d5e4e092d8f0777820239c342c2567f27292aa37658b0f488c497"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-29T06:48:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF7NBTX45JGR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d8aebc0c1945d0dfb4bb2b9e4949417bda346bc42b7d13f97e64f02168860a1b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2026-06-21T10:40:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"ac91f194805ed26d33b1ff75501d083ce15dcfbcf54bd9b14bd7d8df2593b2ac"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2606.22430","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2606.22430","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2606.22430v1","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.22430","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"RW5V6QND5ATB","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"RW5V6QND5ATB2JCF","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"RW5V6QND","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:83bab7a0c71d5e4e092d8f0777820239c342c2567f27292aa37658b0f488c497","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2606.22430/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Because large language models (LLMs) are impressively successful in predicting text, it appears that they must have access to a 'world model' representing causal and definitional structure. However, the dominant formalisms of modern causal inference -- Judea Pearl's interventionist approach and the Neyman-Rubin potential outcomes framework -- struggle to illuminate how LLMs learn causal structure. I resolve this puzzle by arguing that LLMs employ a specific inductive approach based on a difference-making logic -- sometimes called variational induction. I demonstrate how central aspects of this","authors_text":"Wolfgang Pietsch","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2026-06-21T10:40:47Z","title":"Words as Difference Makers: How Large Language Models Determine Causal Structure in Text"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.22430","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:70de7efe9c60c4e8448ad172e25dced2e89d9ccba59c9851fa428cbbf2ead3cc","target":"record","created_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d8aebc0c1945d0dfb4bb2b9e4949417bda346bc42b7d13f97e64f02168860a1b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2026-06-21T10:40:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"ac91f194805ed26d33b1ff75501d083ce15dcfbcf54bd9b14bd7d8df2593b2ac"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2606.22430","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"8dbb5f41a3e8261d2445fb433bf3a9344c2c88f27260824fbcbbf97bac86804f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"8dbb5f41a3e8261d2445fb433bf3a9344c2c88f27260824fbcbbf97bac86804f","first_computed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38.251887Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38.251887Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"x4+IupbRNk+rrPbj7x3safFEUZrgr4NJ1y2TqWANi8W546SXuMJMvOu5tPHmvJc87QkGYBleZg+PrFhv2UQ6BQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-06-23T02:13:38.252253Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2606.22430","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:70de7efe9c60c4e8448ad172e25dced2e89d9ccba59c9851fa428cbbf2ead3cc","sha256:83bab7a0c71d5e4e092d8f0777820239c342c2567f27292aa37658b0f488c497"],"state_sha256":"9f425d3115dee4b657a5a52e33885547a2a8f66fe601309ba7d1a7e9d547a000"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Yjj2hCsg6+XkDXrOYTtiV8o2bRHW06nuq/8mVIx7dNAxMWRv3NpqwRRvEoKjW/5mnxiTvstW0Udlv6gLWrfpDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-29T06:48:17.699617Z","bundle_sha256":"20285b8cd3ff71cae2cc835d2758f8d6e6cb714bec00dbb9f292023c73485613"}}