{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD","short_pith_number":"pith:UBW6XCUN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2208.13116","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-08-28T02:01:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"15b78602ad908a667f773dbd0d2f6144f1bbf7b9e3078edc765cbf8df9d56f96","abstract_canon_sha256":"39216dbf3c99167da96b14df19b81b415fccc4d29fb231e6cf751121be1e7138"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a06deb8a8d8206bff0b2435042bf2530c0bc7e041ab0315e0f372e660604d994","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2208.13116","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2208.13116","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2208.13116v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2208.13116","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UBW6XCUNQIDL","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UBW6XCUNQIDL74FS","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UBW6XCUN","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2208.13116","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-08-28T02:01:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"15b78602ad908a667f773dbd0d2f6144f1bbf7b9e3078edc765cbf8df9d56f96","abstract_canon_sha256":"39216dbf3c99167da96b14df19b81b415fccc4d29fb231e6cf751121be1e7138"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a06deb8a8d8206bff0b2435042bf2530c0bc7e041ab0315e0f372e660604d994","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03.759556Z","signature_b64":"6KZhlVIQCOrRhd95j68zbqebKRZK5xCcoLRnmZ3KXqOdYRzisoyuj5F1Tmt6SQDu3L/OMQ/T0mH26OiG+8KRDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a06deb8a8d8206bff0b2435042bf2530c0bc7e041ab0315e0f372e660604d994","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03.759102Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03.759102Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2208.13116","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TbUfhh1SUsyFJAeMqYjmjV+JqokQDMtJikOzbuFTBc2lOwVprr+MbcCl6N5PVIX5ALSWoyyTCXh9XG59I+AgBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T10:46:44.205816Z"},"content_sha256":"41ac25384854521343cd13a5014f8a9e8c8df9374b174795482ee58f12473519","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:41ac25384854521343cd13a5014f8a9e8c8df9374b174795482ee58f12473519"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"An Empirical Study on the Usage of Automated Machine Learning Tools","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Forough Majidi, Foutse Khomh, Heng Li, Moses Openja","submitted_at":"2022-08-28T02:01:58Z","abstract_excerpt":"The popularity of automated machine learning (AutoML) tools in different domains has increased over the past few years. Machine learning (ML) practitioners use AutoML tools to automate and optimize the process of feature engineering, model training, and hyperparameter optimization and so on. Recent work performed qualitative studies on practitioners' experiences of using AutoML tools and compared different AutoML tools based on their performance and provided features, but none of the existing work studied the practices of using AutoML tools in real-world projects at a large scale. Therefore, w"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2208.13116","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2208.13116/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5Y9CqyMzjWRcDEc97VhouygNr4oMlkncy1m60jUuet08QEQKPzs4ub0Fgk2cu3yikwCwRW5P5dn7mEbvEBjdCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T10:46:44.206208Z"},"content_sha256":"75bc41dc498e1d974e5d3bb77e0027e5632e9aa9430120032199dcd77a08db4b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:75bc41dc498e1d974e5d3bb77e0027e5632e9aa9430120032199dcd77a08db4b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-06T10:46:44Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:UBW6XCUNQIDL74FSINIEFPZFGD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"39216dbf3c99167da96b14df19b81b415fccc4d29fb231e6cf751121be1e7138","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-08-28T02:01:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"15b78602ad908a667f773dbd0d2f6144f1bbf7b9e3078edc765cbf8df9d56f96"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2208.13116","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2208.13116","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2208.13116v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2208.13116","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UBW6XCUNQIDL","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UBW6XCUNQIDL74FS","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UBW6XCUN","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:75bc41dc498e1d974e5d3bb77e0027e5632e9aa9430120032199dcd77a08db4b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2208.13116/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The popularity of automated machine learning (AutoML) tools in different domains has increased over the past few years. Machine learning (ML) practitioners use AutoML tools to automate and optimize the process of feature engineering, model training, and hyperparameter optimization and so on. Recent work performed qualitative studies on practitioners' experiences of using AutoML tools and compared different AutoML tools based on their performance and provided features, but none of the existing work studied the practices of using AutoML tools in real-world projects at a large scale. Therefore, w","authors_text":"Forough Majidi, Foutse Khomh, Heng Li, Moses Openja","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-08-28T02:01:58Z","title":"An Empirical Study on the Usage of Automated Machine Learning Tools"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2208.13116","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:41ac25384854521343cd13a5014f8a9e8c8df9374b174795482ee58f12473519","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"39216dbf3c99167da96b14df19b81b415fccc4d29fb231e6cf751121be1e7138","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-08-28T02:01:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"15b78602ad908a667f773dbd0d2f6144f1bbf7b9e3078edc765cbf8df9d56f96"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2208.13116","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"a06deb8a8d8206bff0b2435042bf2530c0bc7e041ab0315e0f372e660604d994","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a06deb8a8d8206bff0b2435042bf2530c0bc7e041ab0315e0f372e660604d994","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03.759102Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03.759102Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"6KZhlVIQCOrRhd95j68zbqebKRZK5xCcoLRnmZ3KXqOdYRzisoyuj5F1Tmt6SQDu3L/OMQ/T0mH26OiG+8KRDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:52:03.759556Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2208.13116","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:41ac25384854521343cd13a5014f8a9e8c8df9374b174795482ee58f12473519","sha256:75bc41dc498e1d974e5d3bb77e0027e5632e9aa9430120032199dcd77a08db4b"],"state_sha256":"aad88a7eacd143fb0b82334c505964895bb260e505640b18bd895dcb81da4b8f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AN3lAAE/FxYClHLS4aEOCjh0o7/rbqHBX7HnJxSZb16XV3c1dwjy69kMD2hXeZM6uJoxEO3+rZkX/6Nx0BW+BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T10:46:44.208266Z","bundle_sha256":"a774888ba382a1733a658e2ff5b291575f016d7a33747602a89cfa64550fe42a"}}